The Companions Are the Source of Much Grief for Odysseus Essay Example for Free

The Companions Are the Source of Much Grief for Odysseus EssayOdysseus, the strong, courageous, dedicated hero, travelled for miles on end to return to his home land of Ithica and to bring with him the twelve fleet ships carrying his loyal companions. However throughout this epic poem Odysseus companions have been the bearers of much grief for Odysseus, in many ways from questioning his whizing to simply dying in battle. And slowly during this epic poem each of his twelve fleet ships has been afflicted down.The stories of Odysseus companions begin from the very opening of book nine, on the coast of Ismarus home to the Cic singles. Odysseus and his men sacked the mooring and destroyed its men folk after taking their women and their vast spoils, Odysseus reproveed his men to dispatch with haste. just now they were not quick minded enough, and a tremendous battle broke out between Odysseus and his men and the Cicones. cardinal two of Odysseus men were brut eachy killed. We c an see here that this would cause much grief for Odysseus and his stay companions, for his men had made it through the battle of Troy and where rejoicing to be returning home to Ithica, outright he would have to return to grieving families awaiting their heroes return and for some, now their heros would never return. This is a classic example of the kind of grief Odysseus feels throughout the epic poem, because this is how many of his companions have presented Odysseus with grief, through death.Whether it was go in battle or devoured by a monstrous creature. For instance when, Odysseus and his remaining companions sailed to the island of the Cyclopes, where with twelve companions, he entered the cave of the Cyclops Polyphemus. This giant devoured, one after another, six of the companions of Odysseus, and kept Odysseus and his other men as prisoners in his cave. Witnessing their loyal companions cannibalistic murders right in front of them Odysseus and his men wept and increase th eir hands to Zeus in horror. This again must(prenominal) have made Odysseus overridden with grief for not exactly did he watch his men be killed but he was the one that led them to this ferocious one eyed monster. Again he has lost much of his men which means more grieving families at home in Ithica questioning the Gods for the death of their loved ones.However, death is not the only way that Odysseus is candid to grief some of the monsters that Odysseus and his followers encountered would not kill his men but simply make them embarrass all longing for home, and the nostros that they were feeling. One of these monsters would be the Lotus-eaters, a race that eat the flowery lotus fruit. slightly of his companions were so much delighted with the taste of this flower that they wanted to remain with the Lotus-eaters and think no more of Ithica.This must have caused much anguish for Odysseus as he did not know how to help his compelled comrades. But being the intelligent and strong hero he is he used force to bring them bottom to the hollow ships, and they wept on the way but once on board he tied them up and continued with his voyage. The sirens also forget men to forget their home for with their beautiful voices would sing bewitching songs to choose these men to their death. Luckily with the help of Circe the sorceress who told Odysseus that if he wanted to hear the sirens song and live that he should allow his men to tie him to the mast of his ship while they covered their ears with softened bees wax and steer the boat in advance while Odysseus listened.Odysseus, in the epic poem has also encountered Companions that have questioned and mistrusted his leadership this is that of Odysseus second in miss of Odysseus ship during the voyage back to Ithica after the Trojan War his name was Eurylochus. In the Odyssey he is visualised as an unpleasant, cowardly individual who undermines Odysseus and stirs up trouble. When Odysseus and his men arrive on the is land of Aeaea home to Circe Eurylochus is chosen to lead a group of twenty-two men to explore the island. While touring the island they see Circes house and all but Eurylochus enters, he himself suspects Circes trap and when the men are turned into pigs he runs back to warn Odysseus.Odysseus prepares himself to confront this witch and save his crew however Eurylochus refuses to guide him to Circes palace and urges Odysseus to escape and start the men to their fate. This must have caused an uncountable amount of grief and pain for Odysseus for Eurylochus was his second in command, Odysseus therefore must have trusted this man with his life and thought rather highly of him. Then for him to tell him to forfeit his loyal companions who have been there for him since Troy and save himself must have hurt Odysseus a commodious deal. After Odysseus returns from Circes palace having rescued his companions, Eurylochus insults Odysseus and threatens to kill him. Here we see Odysseus being be friended and almost killed by his second in command obviously causing much grief for our brave hero.Overall I feel that the companions are the source of much grief for our fearless hero. However most of them did not wish well to bring grief upon their leader. For most it was simply an unfortunate death leading to Odysseus grieving for the loss of them.

I am Legend Essay Example for Free

I am Legend EssayTraditionally, bookstores categorize various books based on their respective(prenominal) contents horror, fiction, literature, or science fiction. Horror texts invoke feelings of fear in readers due to their bizarre or macabre content. Science fiction or fiction books describe imaginary concepts of either scientific or general nature respectively. Conversely, literature books comprise of texts that are neither fictional nor horror-based. Mathesons I am Legend novel thus belongs to the category of horror owing to the ghoulish events described therein.For example, the vampirism that is evident in the novel instills fear among readers, thus rendering the work a horror literature. Although good or with child(p) are purely subjective terms, people sometime use these terms to describe different texts. much(prenominal) categorization relies heavily on persons subjective judgment, for example, regarding the emotions that much(prenominal) texts invoke in readers. To illustrate, horror, mystery, or romance books whitethorn be termed as bad. Conversely, science fiction books are labeled as good.Since such classification is very subjective and unstable owing to persons varied preferences and views, there is essentially no broad(a) class of books that can be categorically termed as either bad or good. later studying Mathesons I am Legend novel, I cannot help but view it as a subjectively bad book based on the ghastly scenes that the causality describes. For example, Robert Neville the novels main character is consistently described as being engaged in a swollen-headed rush to beat some seemingly insurmountable bigger forces.The character is thus clearly designate for death as is evident through his obviously futile attempts to fight against a vampire oath on earth. Eventually, Neville dies a sad and regretful death after spending a great sess of his time trying to outdo the evil that lurks on the earth. Through the somewhat unnecessary and martyr-like death of Neville, the author makes the book appear as a bad one because a character is unjustly penalise by death.

Tata Motors - Innovation Strategy Essay Example for Free

Tata moves Innovation Strategy EssayFor decades, the self-propelling industry in India lagged behind those of the United States and Japan. However, after the nineties, things changed dramatically, fostered by different means including Indian trends, doctrine access to customers, highly trained professionals and comparably pitiful labour cost. Improvements were especially due to the Indian brasss enabling policies that eased regulations on foreign trade and restrictions on private companies, thereby attracting investiture and growth in a country whose population is around 1 billion.India nowadays home to more than than 40 million vehicles has one of the lowest ratios of cars-to-people according UN Statistics (see table 1). In conjunction with this statistic, the twin factors of low car penetration and rising incomes are likely to trigger increased demand for automobiles in advent years in India (Indian Business News). Table 1. Number of motor vehicles per 1,000 people, by country Country Motor vehicles per 1,000 United States 765 Australia 619 Canada 563 Germany 546 Japan 543 United Kingdom 426 India 12 China 10Source UN World Statistics udder and Statistical Yearbook, 2007 (cited in Farres et al. 2009) The low car penetration and high demand of the Indian new midsection class is the focus of different global companies like General Motors, Honda Motor, Mitsubishi Motors, Fiat, Ford and Maruti Udyog (See table 2). Competition is anticipate to intensify further as Indian automotive manufacturers obtain greater access to debt and equity pay in the international capital markets or gain access to more advanced technology with alliances. Table 2.

Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

model Analysis Essaystrategic Human Resource Management Unit 1 What is Strategic Management, and wherefore is it critical to the success of an organization in meeting its goals and mission? Strategic management is backdrop priorities and goals indoors a business. Its substance abused with upper management to strengthen a company and prep are for futurity outcomes. Making a intersection point that is highly arrive at open and easy for nodes to use and benefit from is the main reduce of apple, Inc. The organization of Apple, Inc. started in the 1970s and has been very salaryable since. In 1978 they sell the Apple II and do billions of dollars from the yield in less than three years. Between 1983 and 1984 Apple, Inc. lost sales and have fell into a crisis because of the s rugged processor speed and the compatible software. During this time it was hard for the organization due to competition. The problem Apple Inc. was facing at this time is other companies have found e asier and faster ways for people to use the contrasting products other than Apple, Inc. , during the 1985-1993 Apple, Inc. turned global, thus making sales up to 1 billion and was the closely profitable PC Company in the world.Being able to turn any company global in an organization is very profitable, most people worry new products. The beginning of 1993-1997 Apple Inc. head start playing a role in K-12 grade helping out the school systems with education with the product and this helped them out tremendously. By 2008 Apple Inc. started charging premium prices on their product knowing that with their nominate would be sold all over the nation. They also came out with the iPod roughly selling over 150 of them. This was giving the customer portable music and other exiting things and they still sell to this day.Today Apple, Inc. is one of the top rated organizations for iPhones, iPods, iPads, computer systems and lots more(prenominal). The only problem with Apple, Inc. now in th is day in age is the competition. There are a lot more companies that are coming out with the same product just a different signalise. For ex axerophtholle, the Kindle suggest is the same thing as the iPad, just a different name brand. A lot of people are purchasing the competitors product instead of the Apple name brand product. The fence behind this is that people would rather pay $200. 00 dollars for a Kindle Fire verses $500. 0 for the Apple iPad. Apple, Inc. inevitably to lower prices for their products so more and more people with purchase them. In years to come this is a critical problem that Apple, Inc. faces, to be successful in any organization you have to think like the customers. Majority of the customers are going to try and same money and buy the generic brand verses the name brand product. What Apple needs to do is, if they start seeing a drop in profit they would need to start lowering prices down to fit in their main competitors so that more people go forth pu rchase their product.One of the main problems in 2013 is Apple iPad verses Amazon Kindle Fire. The Amazon Kindle Fire has been called a potential iPad-killer by the media states (Nations, D). The Amazon Kindle Fire is $199 and can do everything the Apple iPad and do. They are very equal and its making the customer purchase the Kindle Fire instead. When looking at both products Instead of looking at the Kindle Fire verses the iPad in a direct match up of features, which would be about like comparing a Ford Escort to a Mercedes, (Nations, D).This is a great example of not only just the Amazon Kindle Fire verses Apple iPad, its popular life. From the groceries that customers buy at the store to clothing lines at a local mall. Everything has a generic name and lower price and most of the top name brands are sold and get good profit but a lot of people are trying to save money for more significant things like their childrens college or a vacation for the family, or just trying to get by with bills.So this would be a good example of why the Kindle Fire is being called the iPad-killer, because more likely people forget purchase the Kindle for the lower price. Some of the advantages of the Kindle Fire is the low cost and being able to use the amazon app store to purchase games, books, movies and much more. Some advantages of the iPad is its faster, has more storage and dual face cameras on the iPad 2. Both of the products use full-color subscribe-lit displays so both of them will have problems in direct sunlight. Both of them are good but the main concern is the price.To preventive successful you have to look at your main competitors products and come out with bigger and better things to ingest the customers eye. With doing this the product needs to be reasonably priced and affordable to the public. Otherwise the customers will go for the cheaper one to save costs. A good example of this is looking deeper into strategic management and why it is important. Strat egic management is all about change, and facing challenging situations in the work place. Being able to notwithstanding the change and work through it, and make important decisions and implement appropriate strategies.Some other examples of strategic management are resource limitations, changing environment, matching competitors, and improved decision making. Resource limitations is being able to deal with limited resources of money. A lot of business go through this and Apple Inc. went through it back in 1983-1984 Apple, Inc. was in a crisis and had to make important changes to make more profit. Matching competitors is very important, a business could go down in profit if other companies come out with a similar product.Improved decision making is very important due to change in a product or being able to come out with a new product. Strategic management is setting priorities and goals within a business. Its used with upper management to strengthen a company and conspire for futur e outcomes. References Nations, Daniel, ed. The Amazon Kindle Fire vs the Apple iPad. N. p. , n. d. Web. 5 May 2013. lthttp//ipad. about. com/od/Tablet_Computers_eReaders/a/The-Amazon-Kindle-Fire-Vs-The-Apple-Ipad. htm Sind, M. , amp Yoffie, D. B. (February, 2008) Apple, Inc. (Case Study) Retrieved from Harvard Business Online website

Banning the use of cell phones Essay Example for Free

Banning the make use of of kiosk phones EssayTITLE Why forbidding the use of carrell phones objet dart driving should be required nationwide. 1a.General purpose To highlight the mis-use of hand-held cell phones whilst driving. 1b.Specific purpose To reduce road fatalities by persuading the giving medication of St.Vincent and the Grenadines to implement a law banning motorists from utilize cell phones on all roadstead (major and minor roads) in non-emergencies cases. 1c.Central Idea Using a cell phone can distract motorists, leading them to taking their eyes off the road or to dawdle their concentration whilst driving which involves teens. Main Pointsmis-use of hand-held cell phonesroad fatalitiesmandatory interventionSummarize the give away Points of Introduction1. Cell phones can be useful in many an(prenominal) situations. However they ar immediately organism mis- employ in non-emergencies cases such as making or receiving regular standard calls, text editioning a nd existence on others social network sites whilst driving.2. Road fatalities contrive increased resulting from poor driving by motorists especially teens whilst they are on their cell phones. Many motorist, pedestrians and animals go been killed or seriously injured due motorist distractions.3. The Goernment should implement a law banning motorist from using cell phones on all roads (major and minor roads) throughout St Vincent and the Grenadines as a means of reducing road fatalities ConclusionCell phones have been around for over 30years and are now accessible to a range of people they can be a valuable communication device. However, when use inappropriately, this can lead to road collisions and fatality.References *In 2006, Liberty interchangeable Insurance GroupHttp//ven.wikipedia .org/wiki/texting- objet dart-drivingIn 2006 article American Automobile AssociationInternational Telecommunication concretion (NTSB)Why banning the use of cell phones while driving should be ma ndatory nationwide. I result be highlighting why banning the use of a cell phones whilst driving should be mandatory throughout St Vincent and the Grenadines. I will be focusing on situations where the cell phone is being used for non- emergencies when driving. Cellular phones were first introduced into civilian livelihood and the market place around the mid- 1980s. Before this period it was used mainly in the military and in some businesses. Over the years, there has been dramatic growth in the use cell phones. Today cell phones are available to everyone around the world regardless of their mature or status.The indiscriminate use of hand held cell phones by persons while driving has resulted in many fatal accidents in recent years and as such is a compelling terra firma for fan tan to enact legislated to address this precautious situation by banning the use of cell phones while driving in St.Vincent and the Grenadines. It well established that in attentive causal agentd by so me forms of distraction is the most common cause of vehicle accidents, engaging in a conversation on a cell phone while driving is a serious distraction in the sense that people lose focus being so imbibed in the conversation that they become totally loss to the surrounding activities.It whitethorn be arguable that accidents caused by cell phone use are far less than those caused by other forms of distractions scarcely that is not important in considering whether a total ban should be placed on the use of cell phone while driving. What is of utmost importance is the safety o the general public it is not of prime necessity to use a cell phone while driving. A driver may be better advised to pull over at the side of road, stop and use his or her cell phone whether be in to dial a number or to receive an accounting entry call or text messages which is becoming more popular in today technology world. check to Liberty Mutual Insurance Group 2006 conducted a survey of more than 90 tee n from xx six high schools across United States. The result showed that 37% of students considering texting to bevery or exceedingly distracting.A study by the America Automobile Association discovered that 46% of teens admitted to being distrait behind the wheel because of texting. This distracting is alarming The risk of crashing while texting because reading or sending a text diverts the drivers eyes from the road for an average of 4.6 secondsthe same as driving the length of a football field, blind, at 55 mph. The International Telecommunication Union states that texting, making calls, and other interaction with in-vehicle information and communication systems while driving is a serious source of driver distraction and increases the risk of traffic accidents increases by 23 times.While celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey have campaigned against texting while driving, there are reports that the message has not been disturbting through to teenagers. Perhaps the force and might of government authority might be able to get through to them. The practice has been viewed by many people and authorities as dangerous. It has also been ruled as the cause of some motor -vehicle accidents, and in some places has been outlawed or restricted. Is there any reason why my country St. Vincent and the Grenadines cannot emulate such a restriction?Cell phones have become a valuable devise for communicating with others. However, there are situations where it can be said that they are being misused. This would include texting whilst driving, receiving or sending calls and accessing face-book/Twitter and instant messaging on whatever social networks. I will make mention of how texting, using face book and using twitter could endanger the life of the driver, animals, passengers and/or other motorist and pedestrians on the road. (Road collisions and fatality). It is so sad that ones life have to end just like that or turn into a vegetable because of someone else careless misappr ehension and their future dreams are scattered.The use of cell phone while driving should not be allowed to have-to doe with unabsorbed in any civilized society where human life is valued at the highest. Laws should not alone be enacted but they must be enforced and the punishment shall be such as to admonish would be offenders. Therefore they must not only penalties but penalties should be rather serious and competent theoffence of using a cell phone while driving. Cell phones have been around for over approximately 30years and are now accessible to a range of people they can be a valuable communication device. However, when used inappropriately, this can lead to road collisions and fatality.

Spanish Armada Essay Example for Free

Spanish Armada EssayThe Spanish Armada showcased the Spaniards governing body and determination to expand their territory and their religion of Catholicism. However, there are several underlying reasons on wherefore Spain waged a war against England. The decision of great power Philip II to launch a fleet of naval ships towards the northwesterly have been influenced by many consecutive incidents that demonstrated the looming conflict between Spain and England.During the 16th century, Spain and England used to be allies in advancing a common cause which was to expand their respective colonies. But it was their connatural objectives that instigated the manifestation of a strained relationship between the two countries. More so, the relationship between England and Spain became more(prenominal) tensed when Philip II married Mary I, a sibling of faery Elizabeth I, making him a tokenish King of England. This union highlighted the difference in religious beliefs of a Catholic and a Protestant that embossed eyebrows in the English Monarchy who doubted the real intentions of Spain with England. In retaliation, England gave support to the Dutch uprising against Spain. Several black propaganda were launched that criticized King Philip II and the Catholics in general as wicked human beings.Then, the situation worsened when Catholic Queen Mary of Scots, the only remaining link of Spain with England in 1587, was executed for allegedly plotting against Queen Elizabeth I. Because of these events, the conception of King Philip II to conquer Europe was blocked in which motivated him to start a opposite with England through an Armada (Mitchell, 2005). Unfortunately, Spain was defeated in this battle because of the unfavorable weather conditions and the fact that the English were more groundbreaking with their warfare resources and strategy.As a result, Englands victory entitled the English with the position of being the strongest and most important in Europe. M eanwhile, for Spain, their loss became a learning experience that motivated them to enhance more their naval capabilities as well as their military tactics.ReferencesMitchell, C. V. (2005 August). The weathering of the armada. Inventory of Conflict Environment. Retrieved May 20, 2008 from http//www. american. edu/ted/ice/armada. htm

Cryptography: Types, Methods and Uses

cryptography Types, Methods and Uses CHAPTER-1 dis count1.1 Introduction to CryptographyCryptography is art of writing and reading the dark info. It is recitation of goods and servicesd to send the information between the various participants. It piece of tail be use in such a human beingsner so that it could non be seen by the others. Cryptography is used to prevent the information from the attacker. It provides various services as Integrity checkingAu thuslyticationConfidentialityIn case of integrity checking liquidator thinks that the nitty-gritty is alter by the third gear party or attacker. Hence the user assures the recipient that the pass on has not been altered by some(prenominal) other source. In case of authentication the individuality of the person is check by the user. The user verifies the identity of the person and handle over the right to use the particular data. In case of confidentiality the attacker gather in the data cargonfully when it send from us er to recipient. The third party deposet change the data. The message which is in the original form is known as the plain schoolbook. The user encrypted the message before move to the recipient is known as cipher text. When the cipher text is produces from plaintext, this carry out is known as encoding. 1. The reverse process of encryption is called decryption. In the cryptographic systems an algorithm and a recognise is used. The mainstay is known as the snobby value.Cryptography is a field of computer networks which transforms (encrypts) the information (plain text) into an unreadable form (cipher text). And this cipher text can be decrypted only with the help of a sneaking(a) unwrap. Cryptography acts as a method of tutelage the information privy(p). Cryptography protects the information by using math in science.Electronic security is a major issue as various forms of electronic media and internet atomic number 18 becoming much prevalent. Cryptography is used to s ecure the data and to prevent the data from various attacks. Cryptography is necessary when communicating over any un-trusted medium. Authentication, digital signatures, e-commerce be major applications of cryptography.Generally in the cryptographic systems it can broadly classified into two systems.Symmetric describe systems.Public unwrap systems.In the symmetric cardinal cryptography, single get a line is used for the encryption and the decryption purpose. The kindred key is used at the sender and the recipient side.On the other hand, in case of ha second gearual key system, two types of keys ar required. One is the popular key and other unity is the private key. Public key is known to all only the private key is known only to the recipient of messages uses. One of the techniques used in Cryptography is known as the ocular cryptography. It is a cryptographic technique, which allows visual information to encrypt. The data is encrypted in such a flair that decryption b ecomes a mechanical operation. For these kinds of operations computer is not required. Earlier the developers used visual secret manduction scheme. In this scheme the image was broken into many an(prenominal) part. The third party thinks that all these parts argon used to decrypt the image. But the n 1 parts of the image revealed no information intimately the original image. In this technique each part has its separate transparency. The decryption is performed by overlaying the parts. When all the parts were overlaid, then the original image would appear. Cryptography is the technique, which is used to protect the information from the external viewers. It plays a spanking role in security. The public key encryption and decryption is one of the most important types of cryptography. In public key cryptography the key should be unique. There are two ways of key production. The first one is mathematical like AES, DES and the other one is based on the scheme of natural selection.T he multimedia technology plays an important role in our society. In this case the digital images play a very important role. The digital images are used to fulfil the security and privacy in various applications. encoding of image plays a very important role it helps to save the image from the wildcat attack. Many solutions are providing to save this image one of the techniques is mask the image data. For the encryption purpose many algorithms are required, such as 2 DESAESRSABroadly, Cryptographic systems provide us triad types of cryptographic algorithms namely, private disclose Cryptography (SKC), Public Key Cryptography (PKC) and Hash Functions 3.The Secret Key Cryptography (SKC) uses a single ( equivalent) key for the process of encryption and decryption.The most commonly SKC algorithms used now-a-days include1.2 Data encoding Standard (DES)It was designed in 1970s by IBM and was ratified in 1977 by the National part of Standards (NBS) for commercial use. It is a oppos e cipher that operates on 64- composition lay offs employing a 56-bit key and 16 rounds 4. Although DES has been well-nigh long back but no real weakness has been identified. The biggest disadvantage of DES is the 56 bit key size.1.3 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)It was designed by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen and was introduced in 1998. The algorithm can use fickle key length and block length. The key length can include 128, 192, or 256 bits and block length can be of 128, 192, or 256 bits 5.AES is a highly efficient and secure algorithm. The drawback lies in its touch on as it requires more processing.1.4 Rivest Cipher (RC)Ronald Rivest developed this algorithm and thus, the name of the algorithm was put after Ronalds Rivest name. It provides a series of RC algorithms including RC1, RC2, RC3, RC4, RC5 and RC6 6.1.5 BlowfishIt was developed by Bruce Schneie and was first published in the year 1993. This block cipher has 8 rounds, having the block size is of 64 bits and the key length can vary from 32 to 448 bits. Blowfish was proposed as a substitute was DES 7. This algorithm is significantly faster than other algorithms and the key strength is excellent. Blowfish algorithm is apt only for applications where the key mostly remains the same.The Public Key Cryptography (PKC) uses one (public) key for encryption and another (private) key for decryption.The PKC algorithms that are in use at present are1.6 RSAThe RSA algorithm was publicly described in 1977 by Ron Rivest,Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman at MIT the letters RSA are the initials of their surnames, listed in the same order as on the paper. RSA is a cryptosystem, which is known as one of the first useable public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. In such a cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and differs from the decryption key which is kept secret. In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical paradoxaticaly of factorization the product of two large prime figure of speechs, the factor in chore. RSA stands for Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who first publicly described the algorithm in 1977. Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician, had developed an equivalent system in 1973, but it wasnt declassified until 1997.A user of RSA creates and then publishes the product of two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value, as their public key. The prime factors must be kept secret. Anyone can use the public key to encrypt a message, but with shortly published methods, if the public key is large enough, only someone with knowledge of the prime factors can feasibly rewrite the message. Breaking RSA encryption is known as the RSA problem. It is an open question whether it is as hard as the factoring problem.The system includes a communications channel coupled to at least one terminal having an encoding device and to at least one terminal having a decoding device. A message-to be- transferred is enciphered to ciph er text at the encoding terminal by encoding the message as a number M in a preset set. That number is then raised to a first predetermined world power (associated with the intended receiver) and finally computed. The remainder or residue, C, is computed when the exponentiated number is divided by the product of two predetermined prime numbers (associated with the intended receiver).Operation of RSAThe RSA algorithm involves three stepsKey GenerationEncryptionDecryption.1.6.1 Key GenerationRSA involves a public key and a private key. The public key can be known by everyone and is used for encrypting messages. Messages encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted in a reasonable heart of time using the private key. The keys for the RSA algorithm are generated the following wayChoose two distinct prime numbers p and q.For security purposes, the integers p and q should be elect at random, and should be ofsimilar bit-length. Prime integers can be efficiently found using a prima rily test.Compute n = pq.n is used as the modulus for both the public and private keys. Its length, usually verbalised in bits, is the key length.Compute (n) = (p)(q) = (p 1)(q 1), where is Eulers totient functionChoose an integer e such that 1 e is released as the public key exponent.e having a short bit-length and small Hamming weight results in more efficient encryption most commonly 216 + 1 = 65,537. However, much smaller value of (such as 3) have been shown to be less secure in some settings.Determine d as d e1 (mod (n)) i.e., d is the multiplicative inverse of e (modulo (n)).This is more clearly stated as solve for d given d.e 1 (mod (n))This is often computed using the extended Eucl estimationn algorithm. Using the shammer code in the Modular integers section, inputs a and n correspond to e and (n), respectively.d is kept as the private key exponent.The public key consists of the modulus n and the public (or encryption) exponent e. The private key consists of the modu lus n and the private (or decryption) exponent d, which must be kept secret. p, q, and (n) must also be kept secret because they can be used to calculate d.1.6.2 EncryptionA transmits her public key (n, e) to B and keeps the private key secret. B then wishes to send message M to A. He first turns M into an integer m, such that 0 _ m by using an agreed-upon reversible protocol known as a padding scheme. He then computes the ciphertext c corresponding to c = memod(n)1.6.3 DecryptionWe can recover message m from c by using her private key exponent d via computing disposed m, we can recover the original message M by reversing the padding scheme.(In practice, thither are more efficient methods of calculating cd using the precomputed values below.)1.7 Enhanced RSAThe RSA algorithm based on the varying N which consisting of multiplying each of the P and q, which are relying on that of where to find the variable d, as the variable d is, hence the higher value of n. The variable d increas es its size, the higher value of p and q the value of d increases, which means that the algorithm depends entirely on the adoption of the prime numbers because they generate a key d, depending on p and q are already primes numbers.The weaknesses of RSA algorithm when we use two primes number are the following points which are used to break the algorithm in most cases. These weaknesses are(a) elfin encryption exponent, if you use a small exponent like e=3 and send the same message to different recipients.(b) Using the same key for encryption and signing.(c) Acting as an oracle there are techniques to recover the plaintext if a user just blindly returns the RSA transformation of the input.The idea of the new glide slope is, instead of using two primes numbers to generate a public key and private key, we use three primes numbers with reduced size, generates the variable N Large and the process of analysis of the factors is more difficult than the original algorithm, as well as, incre ases the ease of generating Public key and private key. The key strength of the RSA depends on the two prime numbers p and q. The process of factorizing of n will lead to gain the values of p and q. It is much easier to find two numbers from factoring n than finding the value of three numbers from n. In this case it is very difficult for the intruder to find the three values from factoring n.1.7.1 Key Generation in Enhanced RSA(a) Choose three distinct prime numbers p, q and s.(b) break n such that n = p*q*s.n will be used as the modulus for both the public and private keys.(c) Find the Phi of n, (n) = (p-1)(q-1)(s-1).(d) Choose an e such that 1 (e) Determine d which satisfies the congruence similitude d*e 1(mod(n))In other words, pick d such that de 1 can be evenly divided by (p- 1)(q-1)(s-1), the Phi, or (n).This is often computed using the Extended Euclidean algorithmic rule, since e and (n) are relatively prime and d is to be the modular multiplicative inverse of e*d is kep t as the private key exponent. The public key has modulus n and the public (or encryption) exponent e. The private key has modulus n and the private (or decryption) exponent d, which is kept secret .The encryption equation is c me (mod n) and the decryption one is m cd (mod n).1.8 Diffie HellmanThis algorithm was introduced in1976 by Diffie-Hellman. The Diffie-Hellman algorithm grants two users to establish a shared secret key and to communicate over an insecure communication channel 10. One way authentication is gratis(p) with this type of algorithm. The biggest limitation of this kind of algorithm is communication made using this algorithm is itself vulnerable to man in the middle attack 11. DiffieHellman establishes a shared secret that can be used for secret communications while exchanging data over a public network. The following diagram illustrates the general idea of the key exchange by using saturations instead of a very large number. The decisive part of the process is that Aand B exchange their secret colors in a mix only. in the long run this generates an identical key that is mathematically difficult (impossible for modern supercomputers to do in a reasonable amount of time) to reverse for another party that might have been listening in on them. A and B now use this common secret to encrypt and decrypt their sent and received data. Note that the showtime color (yellow) is arbitrary, but is agreed on in advance by A and B. The starting color is assumed to be known to any eavesdropping opponent. It may even be public.1.8.1 Explanation including encryption mathematicsThe simplest and the original implementation of the protocol uses the multiplicative group of integers modulo p, where p is prime and g is primitive ascendent mod p. Here is an example of the protocol, with nonsecret values in blue, and secret values in red. Small integers are used for clarity, but actual implementations require using much larger numbers to achieve security. commo n fig 1.1 Process of Diffie Hellman1. p = 23 and base g = 5.2. A chooses a secret integer a = 6, then sends B A = ga mod pA = 56 mod 23A = 15,625 mod 23A = 83. B chooses a secret integer b = 15, then sends A B = gb mod pB = 515 mod 23B = 30,517,578,125 mod 23B = 194. A computes s = Ba mod ps = 196 mod 23s = 47,045,881 mod 23s = 25. Bob computes s = Ab mod ps = 815 mod 23s = 35,184,372,088,832 mod 23s = 26. A and B now share a secret (the number 2) because 6 15 is the same as 15 6. Both A and B have arrived at the same value, because (ga)b and (gb)a are passable mod p. Note that only a, b, and (gab gba mod p) are kept secret. All the other values p, g, ga mod p, and gb mod p are sent in the clear. Once A and B compute the shared secret they can use it as an encryption key, known only to them, for sending messages across the same open communications channel. Of course, much larger values of a, b, and p would be compulsory to make this example secure, since there are only 23 poss ible results of n mod 23. However, if p is a prime of at least 300 digits, and a and b are at least 100 digits long, then even the fastest modern computers cannot find a given only g, p, gb mod p and g amod p. The problem such a computer needs to solve is called the discrete logarithm problem.1.9 El-GamalIt was developed in the year 1984 by Taher Elgamal. It is an asymmetric key algorithm and is based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange. ElGamal encryption can be described over anycyclic groupG. The security relies upon the issue of a problem inGrelated to computing discrete logarithms 12. Fast generalized encryption for long messages and data expansion rate are the two biggest advantages of this algorithm 13. The chief drawback of ElGamal is the requirement for randomness and its slower speed 14.ElGamal encryption can be defined over any cyclic group G. Its security depends upon the difficulty of a certain problem in G related to computing discrete logarithms.The AlgorithmElGamal encr yption consists of three components the key generator, the encryption algorithm, and the decryption algorithm.1.9.1 Key GenerationThe key generator works as followsIt generates an efficient description of a multiplicative cyclic group G of order q with generator g.Sender chooses a random x from (1,q-1)He computes h= gxA publishes h , along with the description of G,q,g , as her public key. He retains x as her private key which must be kept secret.Fig 1.2 El-Gamal Algorithm1.9.2 Example of El-Gamal AlgorithmFig 1.3 Example of El-Gamal Algorithm.Hash Functions, also known as message digest, are the algorithms that do not use any key. Based upon the plain text, a fixed length hash value is generated.Hash algorithms that are commonly used today include1.10 Message Digest (MD) algorithmsIt produces a hash value of 128 bit from an arbitrary length message. The MD series includes MD2, MD4 and MD5 11.1.10.1 MD5 algorithmThe MD5 algorithm was developed by Rivest in 1991 and is an telephone extension of the MD4 message-digest algorithm and is bit slower than MD4. This algorithm results in a 128 bit hash value. It is mostly used in security based applications. MD5 is more secure than MD4 15. It is suitable to use for standard file verifications but it has some flaws and therefore, it is not useful for advanced encryption applications 16.