Constitutional convention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Constitutional convention - Essay Example by the bankruptcy it was steeped in, and could not afford to compensate the military for their services in the Revolutionary warfare, or settle the loans approved to finance the war effort. By 1786, United States was insolvent. Additionally, the liberal country experienced a lot more other challenges and threats. States were ravine with the war of economic bigotry against trade from other states. Southern states locked horns with northern states for economic benefit. The nation was badly prepared to fight a war; this prompted other countries to doubt whether pacts with the United States were really up to the task of the paper they were written on. Ever so, the American citizenry suffered from the indignant conceit, as European countries rejected the United States as a mediocre republic. America’s money lending class was deeply steeped in anxiety. It is these troubles existent in the Confederation of States which persuaded the Continental Congress, in the fall of February 1787, to convene for a conference of delegates to rally in May in Philadelphia (McClellan 1-2). For three and a half consecutive months throughout a sweltering, clammy Philadelphia summer, the delegates argued about outstandingly perceptive issues, including whether the national government should be permitted to sanction state laws and whether the states should be abolished. To hearten the delegates to articulate unequivocally, the Constitutional Convention seized astonishing foot paths to guarantee confidentiality. Guards were stationed at the doors of Independence Hall, and no replicas of the periodical were tolerable. Delegates were advised to raze their annotations (Linder 1). The Virginia Plan that was originally written by James Madison but offered by Edmund Randolph favored a national legislature separated into two houses, that is: the senate and the House of Representatives. Ideally, electorates in every state would vote members of the House of Representatives. Even more, the American

Baroque Period through the Romantic Age Essay Example for Free

Baroque Period through the Romantic Age Essay Social, political, or economic conditions can significantly alter the nature and meaning of art. As power shifted from the wealthy to the common man, art in Europe changed dramatically to reflect that change. During the Rococco period, art was detailed and overblown. Interior decorations- primarily furniture- were full of curving lines and organic inspiration, and paintings, â€Å"with their playful eroticism, soft colours and elegant forms† (Malyon, 1999, para. 1) were well suited to balance these rooms. Such frivolousness could only be associated with a powerful upper-class. The common man, of course, could not afford such luxurious surroundings when the main concern was putting food on the table. That this style was the style of the day clearly illustrates how the aristocracy’s desires for excess affected artists’ and craftsmen’s work. Rubens’ work during the Baroque period, with its focusing on robust, curvaceous women, seems to be bursting with life and hope. In â€Å"Portrait of Isabella Brant,† for example, Isabella has a slight smile on her face, as though she has a secret that might be a little bit funny. It’s as though she knows how important the shift of power, from the few, rich aristocrats, to the many struggling working class citizens, will be. She doesn’t appear to be a peasant, but neither is she a princess. Isabella, perhaps, had more to be laugh about than most- with the aristocracy soon becoming a target for violence, and the impoverished still limited by a lack or resources, the middle class would become the best social class to belong to! Because Rubens was a well respected citizen, (Eisler, 1996) his skillful portrayal of the working class drew attention to people, who, for the first time, had some hope of being empowered. At the same time, portraits of the aristocrats were subdued and sad-looking, as though they know their reign is nearly over. In El Greco’s â€Å"Saint Louis, King of France, and a Page,† for example, â€Å"He holds†¦ attributes of royal power in his hands†¦ but intensely gazes at the viewer with a grave, melancoly (sic) expression on his face. † (de Vergnette, n. d. ) When the lower classes finally did revolt, the Neoclassic style emerged and drew heavily on ancient Greek and Roman influences. Bust of Voltaire Without His Wig, by Jean-Antoine Houdon, and Cupid and Psyche, by Antonio Canova, are two notable examples. The human body is portrayed without garments or other adornment- rich and poor are equal without clothes on. These ancient civilizations’ famously successful (for a time) democracies must have been quite inspirational to people who had been subjugated for hundreds of years. Their standards were therefore emulated not only in the political and social world, but also in the art world. References de Vergnette, Francoise. (n. d. ) â€Å"Saint Louis, Kind of France, and a Page. † Paintings: Spanish Painting. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www.louvre. fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice. jsp? CONTENTcnt_id=10134198673226326CURRENT_LLV_NOTICEcnt_id=10134198673226326FOLDERfolder_id=9852723696500811fromDept=truebaseIndex=162bmUID=1189640373517bmLocale=en Eisler, Colin. (1996). Masterworks in Berlin: A City’s Paintings Reunited: Painting in the Western World, 1300-1914. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. artchive. com/artchive/R/rubens. html Malyon, John. (1999). â€Å"Rococco. † Mark Harden’s Artchive. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. artchive. com/artchive/rococo. html

Excerpt From Thoreaus Walden :: Walden Thoreau Transcendentalism Essays

Excerpt From Thoreau's Walden Colonization in Plymouth I awoke before the first rays of sunlight had passed through the dew-covered trees to the west today. It had rained the evening before, and the smell of wet leaves and grass was still lingering in the air. I prepared myself for the upcoming adventurous day. I set out along a less-traveled path through the woods leading to the shore. I could hear every rustle of the newly fallen leaves covering the ground. The brown ground signaled the changing of seasons and nature's way of preparing for the long winter ahead. Soon these leaves would be covered with a thick layer of snow. The leaves still clinging to the trees above displayed a brilliant array of color, simultaneously showing the differences of each and the beauty of the entire forest. I tracked over to my favorite spot on the edge of the wood: a clearing encompassed by thick trees. The area had many sweet-smelling balsam trees that reminded me of Christmas back home. A few of the remaining leaves fell from the branches of the maple trees above me. The water was calm, like the morning; both were starting to get ready for the day ahead. The silent water signals that although rough times occurred previously, the new day was a new start for the world. As I went closer to the water, I heard the subtle lapping of the water against the small rocks on the shore. Every sign of nature signals a change in life; no matter how slight, a change is significant. We can learn a lot from nature: whatever happens in the natural world, change comes and starts a new occurrence. I gazed over the water to where the sky met the sea. The body of water seemed to be endless under the clear blue sky. The scope of nature shows endless possibilities. Nature impresses us with the brilliant colors of the sky, the leaves, the water. She keeps us all in our places and warns us when we are careless with her. After all the leaves have fallen from the trees, she will offer us the first snows of the year to coat the earth with a tranquil covering. That will only b e after we have recognized the lessons of autumn, the gradual change from warm to cold, rain to snow, summer to winter.

Comparing Araby and Genesis Essay -- Comparison Compare Contrast Essay

Parallels between Araby and Genesis  Ã‚   In the Bible, the story of creation occurs in the garden of Eden.   The book of Genesis tells the tale of Adam and Eve, whom God allowed to eat the fruit from any tree in the garden except for that of the central tree of knowledge.   Unfortunately, with the serpent’s deceitful encouragement, Eve enticed Adam to eat from that banned tree.   The fruit opened Adam’s eyes to the reality that he was naked (Gen. 3:7-20).   Interestingly, the second paragraph of â€Å"Araby† alludes to the Genesis account of Eden.   â€Å"The wild garden behind the house contained a central apple tree and a few straggling bushes.†Ã‚   Aside from commenting on the â€Å"eroded† isle of Ireland, Joyce uses this allusion to arrange the entire plot of the story: man trusts woman, woman tricks man, and man realizes his mistake.   â€Å"Araby’s† Eve is the beloved girl who is kept nameless by Joyce, while Adam is the narrator, an adolescent boy who is i nfatuated with the Eve.   Through an examination of the shift in emotions and thoughts of the narrator through a plot filled with trust and betrayal, the reader discovers that a person’s mind distorts reality by creating a fantasy environment.   Without any control over reality and emotion, this illusionary world imprisons the thinker.   In other words, one’s mind self-paralyzes.    According to the narrator, Eve’s character is an innocent and beautiful young woman.   Since the story is written in first-person perspective, all commentary and descriptions in the story are those from the narrator’s perceptions.   Although the only name mentioned by the narrator for her is â€Å"Mangan’s sister† (perhaps after the Irish poet), the girl is obviously the object of the narrator’s affection.   The reader is int... ...me-when our emotionally distorted world is proven false.    By the examination of the shift of emotions and thoughts of the narrator through the plot of trust and betrayal, the reader discovers that a person’s mind distorts reality by creating a fantasy environment.   Without any control over reality and emotion, this illusionary world imprisons the thinker.   The hero narrator, the Adam, is betrayed by woman, the Eve.   Adam’s emotions had distorted his perception; Eve was his only companion, and the loss of her would have been devastating.   Considering his emotions had trapped him, Adam had no option but to follow Eve.   â€Å"Araby† seems to be Joyce’s comment on the Genesis story.   Joyce indicates to the reader that Adam had no choice except to eat the prohibited fruit.   Adam was paralyzed, similar to the narrator in â€Å"Araby† and many other characters of Dubliners.   

Does the UK have a Prime Ministerial government?

The Prime Minister is very much a staple of British politics today and it can be seen in the last thirty years that there has been a power shift in UK politics very much in favour of the Prime Minister. Traditionally, the UK government operated under a theoretical system known as cabinet government which is basically the idea that all members of the cabinet should have an equal say in policy making with the Prime Minister being ‘first among equals' in the cabinet. However, in recent times it can be seen that the UK government has moved to a system known as Prime Ministerial government which is when a prime minister uses its powers and influence to dominate all areas of government including the dictation of government policy. It can be seen that the powers of patronage the Prime Minister has, the control and bypass of the cabinet by the PM and the fact that the PM is in appearance the head of the country, all of which suggest a move towards a prime ministerial government in recent years. However, it can be argued that whilst the PM appears to be all dominant in fact the PM still relies on the support of its cabinet, its party and the strength of its party in parliament or in other words the success of the PM. One way in which in recent years, the UK has moved towards PM government is through the control and bypassing of the cabinet by various Prime Ministers.Government Regulation on Media in America In recent years, there has been a bypassing of cabinet government and an increase in the use of bilateral meetings (which is essentially a gathering of the PMs most trusted ministers from the cabinet and deciding what to do on certain policies before the cabinet meeting) which allows the pm to have more power over policy and also takes power usually reserved for the cabinet. An example of this is Blair's ‘kitchen cabinet' of which brown was the only ever present member whom he discussed policy with an example of this being the privatisation of the control of interest rates in the bank of England which was very much Blair's own personal policy. Another way there has been a move from cabinet government is that the prime minister has become able to push their own policy forward with little or no support from their parties for example Thatcher pushed through the poll tax bill even though the party was more or less united in opposition to the idea. In addition to this in recent years we have seen a dramatic increase in the number of personal advisors to the PM in comparison to previous years where the PM had barely any personal advisors and the now established PM's office which consists of advisors to the PM thereby limiting the need for cabinet consultation. These moves clearly show a bypassing and control of the government supporting the idea the UK has moved to a PM government rather than cabinet government. One restraint on the powers of the prime minister is the strength a majority in parliament. It could be argued that there is a correlation between the power of the prime minister and the parties size of majority in parliament for example Blair initially was a very strong prime minister operating under a strong majority in parliament going undefeated in parliament until after the 2005 election but, after significant lessening of the majority in the next election he wasn't as strong as he didn't have as much public support for him to justify himself and his policies to his party thereby lessening his/her power. This lessens or has a restraint on the Prime Ministers power as it ensures that they are very much under the power of the public opinion and that defines how powerful they are. For example, Brown was very much a weak Prime Minister in the sense of dictating policy as he simply didn't have enough public support or a large enough majority to make his own personal policy which was shown in the defeat he suffered over the gurka bill in 2008 which once again shows the restraint that public support and parliamentary majority has on a Prime Ministers power. Which shows the PM not to be an all dominant figure in government and very much accountable to its own party thereby suggesting that we do not operate under a PM government as the PM is still held accountable and therefore any dominance over the government the PM has is in fact sustained by parliament and when the support from parliament wanes it can be seen that the PM is not able to dictate policy for too long. Another way in which it could be seen that we operate under a PM government is appearance of the prime minister as a supposed head of the country. In recent years there has been an increased media focus on the PM (even leading to puppet parodies which can be seen to represent the national mood at the time) making them the focal point or at least seem to be of British politics, the increased media focus has also led to many voters voting for the prime minister candidate rather than the party they represent which also leads to more power as it shows the PM to be instantly recognisable and important so it commands respect. An example of the Media focus on the prime minister which made him more powerful as they would be seen as the figure head of the government is Blair coming out of the G8 meeting to address the nation and to drive to downing street to sort it out after 7/7 which made him more powerful as he was seen to care and be able to take action. Another way the PM appears to be the head of the country is in foreign policy, Prime ministers can be seen to be the head of foreign policy in terms of conflicts diplomacy and such for example, Blair is often seen as the man who made the decision to invade Iraq and Afghanistan which gives him the appearance of being the head of the country, but it also shows him to be able to dictate policy at least in that area and this can be seen with a variety of PMs in recent years such as Thatcher being known as the Iron Lady after the Falkland's war, Cameron's presiding over the conflict in Libya and the subsequent military operations there and Major over the first gulf war. This showed the PM's to be supposed heads of the country and gave certainly the appearance of a PM government and substance behind the appearance is perhaps shown by such decisive decision making during the conflict. Another way the PM's powers are under restraint is by their own party in terms of support (or lack thereof) . A Prime Ministerial government relies on its party for backing and allowance for the PM to dictate policy but they are also a restraint from the party in the sense that a lack of support would stop the PM from being able to do those things and usually ends in a new leadership election, there are numerous examples of this in recent history and Whilst it's certainly true that recent history has shown there to be at least two very strong Prime ministers namely Thatcher and Blair, both of these were both in some way in debt to their parties in the sense that they needed the party support to be such strong prime ministers for example for Blair to carry out his reforms he needed substantial support from his party, for Thatcher to carry out her new right policy's she needed substantial support from her party. This reliance can lead to the Prime Ministers downfall however; as it is very much the case the Party is very much happy for the PM to be powerful as long as they are successful in winning the next election so when this becomes under threat the Prime Minister is usually forced out, Thatcher was forced out after she forced through an extremely un popular poll tax bill for example. In other cases it can be seen because of a lack of a large party support some PM's never get the chance to be powerful and all PM's are restricted nearing the end of their Premiership e. g. Brown never really had the same power Blair had and at the end faced a leadership challenged which though he survived really signalled an end to any chance he had of being a powerful PM, in a similar situation with Major's premiership It could be seen that his leadership was very much affected due to the spectre of the previous conservative leader (thatcher) and also powerful opponents in the cabinet such as Howard and Portillo. This shows that a Prime Minister really relies on its party for power and influence thereby making a PM government entirely reliant on its party which more or less challenges the whole idea of a PM government. Another way it can be seen that the UK operates under a PM government is the Prime Ministers power of patronage which allows the PM to control policy through the threat or use of his power of dismissal and can use this to dominate Cabinet and on extension it's party. The PM chooses all of the ministers and junior ministers and all who sit in cabinet so whether the MPs progress in their political career relies on the favour to the PM thereby ensuring support of the PM from the lower down MPs and if they do not support the PM they are forced to resign for example MP John Hutton was forced to resign after saying Labour under Brown would be a ‘****ing disaster*' which shows that whilst people may argue that PMs need support from its ministers it can be seen equally or more so that ministers need the support of a PM which shows a move to PM government as it show the PM making the decisions and also controlling its party. In conclusion, it seems that there has indeed been a move towards PM government in recent years especially considering both Thatcher and Blairs premierships and whilst it may be said that the style of government depends on the personality of the Prime Minister traits of a PM government still remained in the premierships of the likes of Brown and Major so overall its clear to certain extent that there has been a move to a Prime Ministerial government. However it does seem that this is facilitated by the party and the cabinet so one may argue that whilst indeed it is a Prime Ministerial government it is supported and facilitated by the government it is perceived to dominate.

The uk education system for disabled pupils The WritePass Journal

The uk education system for disabled pupils Introduction The uk education system for disabled pupils Introduction The Education System in the UK is presently experiencing a major transform which has not occurred at any time since Butler Education Act in 1944. There are currently an enormous variety of schools with extensively mismatched governance, funding arrangements and legal obligations. All government funded schools students in UK are accountable to follow National Curriculum excluding private school’s students, Northern Ireland and Wales mainly pursue the National Curriculum needs. The United Kingdom independently addresses the needs and rights of pupils and children with disability/special educational requirements (Adams Brown, 2006). The Special Education Needs Disability Act (Stationary office 2001) defends pupils who obtain special education services from being differentiated against, as per the United Kingdom for legal services. Special education has progress a long way since the idea came about in the 1700s. During this time children with disabilities were measured as being discouraged, this was awkwardness to their families and they were therefore abandoned or hidden. Now in the United Kingdom, those who have particular needs are attaining more recognition in society and their human rights as people are being recognised, mainly in education. This has been helped with the approval of significant laws such as the Special Education Needs Disability Act (Stationary office 2001). Special education is a dedicated sector of education that is intended to teach and give chances to pupils with disabilities. Special practitioners offer instruction particularly modified to meet people needs which makes education accessible to pupils who otherwise would have an inadequate right to reach education. Lotter (1999) â€Å"Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages.† Even though regional authorisation special education is comparatively new in the United Kingdom, children with disabilities have been nearby from the very start, in both education and in each community. Children with disabilities became more evident after the development of main stream education. Now more than ever children are being held answerable. Now more than ever children are being held answerable.   When education turns into an objective for all children, educators start monitoring disabilities precise to task and setting. After several years of legislation and research, special education now offer facilities to pupils with all different types of disabilities, comprising emotional disturbance, mental retardation, speech-language disabilities, learning disabilities, impaired hearing and low vision, deafness and autism, blindness, traumatic brain injury, and other heath impairments. (British Journal of special education 2003). Whether in a mainstream or a specialist school, children should be treated as individuals. Every child is equal and has the right to a reasonable beginning in life, with an excellent chance to do well. Presently,   there are around 2 million young people and children in England, who are recognised as acquiring a special educational need (SEN), or who are disabled, who are excessively deprived (Riddell Tinklin, 2006). Disabled children with SEN can experience frustration by the lack of assistance at school or from other areas. Millions of families have disabled children or a child with SEN, and parents have stated that the structure is bewildering, bureaucratic and adversarial and that it does not adequately reproduce the requirements of their family life and their child. (Row, 2005)   Whilst the situation of young people, children and their parent’s differs greatly, from young individual making small modifications in class to children with life-limiting long term situations, families have various mutual and cultural issues. The structure to assist young people and children who are disabled or who have SEN frequently works beside the needs of families. Disabled children’s need for support can be recognised late; families are developing to put up with a culture of little prospects about what their child can attain at school; parents don’t have the right knowledge about what they can and have in way of options about the most excellent schools and care for their child; and families are required to discuss every bit of their support independently with a range of professionals. For the best policies and legislation, United Kingdom studies are rewarded, recognized and respected across the globe. A United Kingdom qualification will give people a concrete foundation for their future. It will improve people’s careers and their possibility to progress more quickly and earn extra money. United Kingdom colleges, universities and schools offer a creative, vibrant and challenging background in which to expand pupil’s prospective. Educational quality standards are in the middle of the most excellent in the globe. The colleges, universities and schools are frequently monitored and checked so that their subjects answer the measures set by the educational system here. Several other regions are now trying to pursue the example of the United Kingdom (Barton Armstrong, 2008). In this world or era people require particular qualities and skills to do well. All companies desire employees who are creative, effective and extremely skilled. This is the great part of United Kingdom institutions that they employ a range of assessment and teaching techniques to encourage pupils to achieve their command over the course.     More than 90 percent of the U.K’s pupils learn at publicly financed Local Authority schools. Around 8.5 million pupils are admitted in one of the 30,000 schools in Wales and England; 830,000 pupils in Scotland are admitted into about 5,000 schools, comprising special education schools and other pre-schools; and 350,000 children sent to 1,300 Local Authority schools in Northern Ireland. (UK National Statistics Publication Hub 12/4/2011) Primary schools frequently comprise both boys and girls as pupils. Secondary schools may be also co-educational or single-gender (Great Britain, 2009). In the UK the education system is separated into four major parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education. In the UK children have to officially be present at secondary and primary education which proceeds from about 5 years old until the children are 16 years old. State schools are funded and administered by the government through authorities of local educations even though various schools now direct their own funds and are recognised as Grant Maintained Schools. No financial assistance for the education of a child is necessary from the parents. Education departments in England, Scotland and Wales finance schools through a Local Education Authority (or Education Authority in Scotland). Schools are basically funded in Northern Ireland, from public finance through five Library and Education Boards. According to the law, all children in Wales and England among ages five and sixteen should obtain a full-time education, while children should start at age 4 in Northern Ireland. For children below age 5, publicly financed pre-schools and nurseries are obtainable for a very low number of hours every week. Pupils can attend 6th form colleges or other additional education associations after the age of 16. Both decisions present common education subjects in order to extra precise applied or vocational subjects. The United Kingdom initiates state schools and National Curriculum in 1992 which are necessary to stick to it until pupils reach age 16 (Florian, 2009). The Education and Skills Act of 2008 rose the necessary age to 18, applied for 17 years old in 2013 and for 18 years old in 2015. (Self-governing schools are not grateful to stick to the National Curriculum.) Core subjects of National Curriculum are: English (Welsh is   a major subject in schools of Welsh-speaking), science, mathematics, technology and design, communication and information technology, geography, history, music, advanced international languages, art and design, citizenship and physical education. In addition to these essential courses are numerous other required subjects, such as education of religion. Associated to Children’s Plan and Every Child Matters, the Childcare Act 2006 takes on several of the major promises from the 10 years strategy of Government for Childcare, introduced in 2004 (House of Commons Join, 2009). The major necessities of the Childcare Act came into effect in September 2008 and comprise a constraint for local authorities to improve the five outcomes of Every Child Matters results for all pre-school pupils and reduce disparity in these results; safe adequate childcare for on-job parents; and offer an enhanced parents information service. The Act has also simplified and reformed regulations of early year and examination arrangements, offering a latest incorporate care and education excellence framework for pre-school pupils and a latest Ofsted Childcare Register. From birth to age 5, to carry out development of child its initiate’s latest foundation stage of early age which is incorporated excellence framework for both care and education. In early 2009, the government introduced 5 years evolution of development plan for children. The government starts the development of an early intervention programme for young children in the United Kingdom. As well holds suggestion to get better sustain plan for friends, parents and relatives who concern with children; and expand the right to demand flexible working to parents of those children who are under aged of 16 and more; to further get better the accessibility of childcare places and free early education; to make sure that, by 2015, everybody working in premature childcare and learning has a pertinent qualification; and get better financial support and information for parents. Modification was announced in autumn 2008 to the structure of National Curriculum assessment and testing in schools. The superficially set and marked tests (in English, science, mathematics) which had formerly adjust at the ending of major stage 3 (age 14) were terminate and, since 2009, pupils in this major stage have been charge through teacher measurement only   (Florian McLaughlin, 2008). Special Education performs a significant role in United Kingdom Education. Parents depend on the schools to incorporate their disabled child into a healthy life, enclosed by those who will educate them. Special education teachers are facing a great deal of stress.(Trendall, 1989) The job level is very different compared to normal pupil’s level. Teachers have to go through particular training to become a special education teacher. There are also different disabilities which teachers need to be aware of to be in special education and how to promote and meet each child’s need. In the pupils the condition of disability differs from a minute learning disability to something as large as mental handicapped. Whatever the disability is, there is all the time student feel pressure of shorten abilities comparatively normal children. Although working with pupils with SEN can be tremendously gratifying, the work as well can be sensitively and physically draining. Numerous teachers of special education are below substantial pressure because of administrative jobs and heavy workloads (Trendall, 1989). It takes a definite personality to be capable to have this job, somebody enduring and who has teaching capability. A small number of special education teachers dealing with pupils with autism or mental retardation, principally educating them basic literacy and life skills. However, the mainstream of the teachers of special education work with pupils with knowledge of reasonable disabilities, employing the common education curriculum, or transform it, to answer the indivi dual needs of every child. The last 50 years have seen important transformations in special education learning requirements for pupils. Approximately 1.7 million pupils in the United Kingdom have special educational needs (SEN), with more than 250,000 having declaration of SEN. Various optimistic progresses have been prepared in educating these pupils, with special needs pupils having more learning opportunities and options (Janzen, 2007). How these chances are existing has been continues source of argument. There are essentially two schools of consideration in special education: one support inclusion and mainstreaming, the other assist segregated special schools. (Janzen, 2007).Educational policy and Legislation have swung back and forth among the two schools, and while there is prolonging conflict on which setting is excellent to serve SEN children. SEN provision was grounds on the 1944 Education Act, entering the 1950s which called on Local Education Authority (LEA) to choose a need of child for special cur e and suitable educational methods.   Children believe â€Å"in-educable’ where being admitted in to special schools. These post-war educational categorisations, while apparently cruel by current standards, â€Å"were taken as an optimistic development† (House of Commons Join, 2009).     By the 1960s, terminology transformed from ‘feeble-minded’ and mentally deficient ‘to’ educationally sub-normal and a focus on mainstreaming SEN pupils into standard public schools developed. â€Å"The Education of Handicapped Children and Young People†, written by Warnock Report, was published in 1978. The document â€Å"offered the basis for innovative transform in consideration about the educational requirements of pupils with special needs†. The analysis sought to emphasis any pupils learning requirements that could not be answered by an instructor in a usual mainstream classroom, and supported inclusion relatively than special schools. Lady Warnock argues in her report that â€Å"we must believe the proposal of including all children in the general educational project of learning, wherever they can greatest learn† (Brantlinger 2006 p 111-118) The definition of SEN widen significantly, and more children were essential to be assess for SEN, most importantly its required stable boost in the ratio of special education pupils all through the next 2 decades. Significantly, the Act stopped every child from being uneducated, despite of impairment, and powerfully sustained inclusion and mainstreaming whenever probable. The Education Act of 1981 needs a proper estimation of all capable SEN children, a provision reserved by ensuing legislation. A ‘Statement of Special Educational Needs’ is formed by educational departments, who are accountable for seating the child’s areas of requirement and recommending educational strategy to serve the child. The SEN Statements are to help pupil’s access mainstream schools, to ensure that the needs of the child can be met, her or his existence does not hinder other pupils from learning, and inclusion is a competent employment of resources. The government policy has come under criticism recently as it has a confused and indifferent definition, which discusses the closure of special schools and ‘forcing’ some children into a mainstream school (House of Commons: Education and skills committee 2006). The Child Convention rights of UN, implemented by the United Kingdom in 1991, sustained the 1981 Education Act’s focus on inclusion. The Convention competed, between other things, that disabled pupils â€Å"must have efficient right of entry and obtain education which persuade the fullest probable social incorporation and personnel development†. Not all LEAs or parents support inclusion, however, and numerous families discuss that they must contribute more to the choices and decisions concerning their child’s education, and that the bureaucratic and complex appeals procedure required transformation. The procedure frequently resulted interruption which was causing frustration to all groups involved The government retort with a latest Education Act in 1993, which recognised the SEN Tribunal.   The Tribunal offer parents rights of rectify, whereby they could confront decisions by the LEA for concerning their child.   Parents’ and later children’s analysis were now necessary to be given equivalent legitimacy in the decision processes and assessment.   A revised Code of Practice in 1994 and 2010 on Special Educational Needs additional supported family participation.   The Code was formed to improve and direct them in general condition for pupils of SEN, and â€Å"charges those accountable with offering the education which is suitable in respect for the children’s special educational need† (Carpenter Egerton, 2007 P 118-126). Significant legislation sustained all through the 1990s. The Education Act of 1996 carries on government focus on inclusion and mainstreaming, offering â€Å"a lawful structure for the development and assessment of special education stipulation for child with special education requirements†. (Education Act 1996). â€Å"In performing their duties and powers under the current order, LEAs should have consider to the common standards, that pupils are to be educated in mainstream schools, except that is unsuited with the desires of the parents and the requirements of the children or the stipulation of competent education for other child† (Education act 1996). Further regulations associated with the Act and executed in 1997 formally require parents to be asked and their suggestions taken into consideration when producing a child’s SEN statement. The Children Act 2000 needs educational and government authorities to create first deliberation for the good interests of the specific child holistically, rather than only support decisions of his or her educational requirements.   The Act as well acknowledges the significance of parent’s decisions, and the right of the child as part of a family unit. (Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000) In sight of legislation one would believe that parents would support inclusion; however, further currently the changes materialised to be changing back in the direction of the continuation of special schools over mainstreaming, at slightest in some arrangements.   For instance, â€Å"the idea of inclusion was ‘the main unfortunate legacy’ of 1978 report,† and presently promote â€Å"an instant reconsideration of SEN provision and a suspension on the closing of special schools†.   (Special educational needs 2006) The 2001 Special Educational Needs Disability Act (SENDA 2001) offers for closing of special schools merely as mainstream schools have designed resources and programs to fulfil SEN pupils’ needs.   This shows the SENDA into disagreement with the pro-inclusion 1996 Education Act (Bursztyn   2007 P 99-103) contends â€Å"We are start to observe an extraordinary development in the conflict and tensions happening from the practical execution of implementing features of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 and Education Act 1996† (Adams Brown, 2006). SENDA has â€Å"shaped greater prospect of the possible attainment of disabled pupils and increases knowledge in education contributor of their responsibilities to encourage inclusion and access.† SENDA has â€Å"shaped greater prospect of the possible attainment of disabled pupils and increases knowledge in education contributor of their responsibilities to encourage inclusion and access.†Ã‚   SENDA significantly set up a recent set of Tribunal policy, the Special Educational Needs Tribunal Regulations 2001, which expand the Tribunal to as well wrap appeals prepared on the foundation of discrimination.   This permits groups in the appeals procedure to ask any number of eyewitnesses to attend the appeal and converse on their behalf, and open the discussion to any invited group. Significantly successful initiatives of government in the last few years have also emphasised the provision and opportunity for SEN pupils. The 2001 Careers and Disabled Children Act provide resource and financial allotment, contributing â€Å"latest prospects for individualized and flexible packages of favour through the employment of direct payments†. The broader Special Educational Needs of government and 2002 Disability Regulations have identified the need for provisions to prevent, and addresses the â€Å"discrimination beside disabled humans in their access to education† (Vickerman, 2007 P56) The Special Educational Needs Disability Act 2001 (DfES 2001) made it difficult to expel or suspend pupils with Disabilities Education Act, of learning disabilities because of their manners. As well as being essential and necessary that every learning disabled children have an IEP, Individualized Education Program. An IEP is a plan that should comprise present act of the pupils, the yearly objectives the pupils requirements to attain, special education and associated services the child wants, contribution. If any, with non-disabled pupils, changing essential to take dates of tests and places of when and where special services will be offered and the estimated ratio of the children (Farrow, 2007). The 2001Special Education Needs Disability Act defends students who have taken special education services from being unfairly treated, as per the legislation. The 2001 Special Education Needs Disability Act defends students in academic courses, enrichment programs and work-study. When a disabled child is not receiving care in a justified manner and in an activity or class, the law states that the school and teachers build a suitable, logical modification so that they can obtain the same education as non-disabled students. . This act was effective from September 1, 2002 in the United Kingdom. It was an alteration to the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act where Gary Bunt wrote in his article, â€Å"The Implications for PRS is the Special Needs and Disability Act 2001† The Special Education Needs Disability Act 2001 is focused on settings from 0 to 5, preschools to college. This act enlightens education and associated services, admissions and exclusion. Consequently, if settings are found to be denying admission to pupils who are disabled, this is against the law. The schools might not admit students who are not able to take part in extracurricular conducts which are funded by the school just because of their disability. Those disabled children who have not had the opportunity to take part in normal school life activities of educational and extracurricular are given the opportunity in the 2001 act of Special Education Needs and Disability which gives them the opportunity to obtain similar opportunities as normal students have. For example, a pupil who is visually impaired can ask for materials in large print to have access to the same material as pupils who are not visually impaired (Westwood, 2007). A pupil who is deaf can request that they can be given a set of class notes to read or request to sit up front in class so that she can read the practitioners lips. Because of this act, at institutions educators of higher education must energetically seek to build spaces for children with disabilities. Schools must be positive. Instead of waiting for acceptance for an appeal for amendment, the schools were directed before the Act was given assent. This includes making provisions that will ensure that students with disabilities are handled justifiably. In this case as Bunt discuss in his article, disabilities are analysed by the long-term incapability to do every day works due to disability. If institutions carry out certain practices throughout their departments, all pupils can benefit from the act. For example, creating audio or video of the class to help pupils who are physically impaired, can likewise help non-disabled pupils study for tests if the materials are available to all pupils. Its important to note that the accommodations that are provided by these schools are not meant to provide an unfair advantage, but to give disabled pupils the same opportunity as other pupils. Education has experienced numerous levels of the way a child is educated. The law has prepared a way for those with learning troubles and now there is no impeding them. Pupils with learning disabilities ultimately have an opportunity to surpass in school and this gives them the chance to have a normal life. References Adams, M. Brown, S. (2006). Towards inclusive learning in higher education: developing curricula for disabled students. London: Routledge. Barton, L. Armstrong, F. (2008). Policy, experience and change cross-cultural reflections on inclusive education. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. British Journal of special education. (2003). London: National Council for Special Education Ltd. Brantlinger, E. A. (2006). Who benefits from special education?: remediating (fixing) other peoples children. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates. Bursztyn, A. (2007). The Praeger handbook of special education. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. Carpenter, B. Egerton, J. (2007). New horizons in special education: evidence-based practice in action. Stourbridge: Sunfield Publications. Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000: Chapter 16.. (2000). London: Stationery Office. Department for Education and Skills (DfES). (2001) Special Educational Needs Code of Practice. Nottinghamshire: DfES Publications. Education act 1996: chapter 56. (1997). London: Stationery Office. Florian, L. (2007). The Sage handbook of Special Education. London: Sage Publications. Florian, L., McLaughlin, M. J. (2008). Disability classification in education: issues and perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Glass, Norman. (1999). Sure Start: the development of an early intervention programme for young children in the United Kingdom. Children Society. 13 (4), 257-264. House of Commons: Education and Skills Committee. (2006) Special Educational Needs. London: The Stationary Office. House of Commons Join. (2009). The Un Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: First Report of Session 2008-09; Report, Together with Formal Minutes and Oral and Written Evidence. Publisher The Stationery Office. Lotter, K. (1999). Universal Declaration of Human Rights: international print portfolio. Durban: Artists for Human Rights. Reynolds, C. R, Janzen, E. (2007). Encyclopaedia of special education: a reference for the education of children, adolescents, and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Riddell, S. Tinklin, T. Wilson, A. (2006). Disabled students in higher education: perspectives on widening access and changing policy. London: Routledge. Row, S. (2005). Surviving the special educational needs system: how to be a velvet bulldozer. London: J. Kingsley Publishers. Special educational needs. (2006). London: Stationery Office. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001: explanatory notes. (2001).  Ã‚   London: Stationery Office. Schools and Colleges: UK National Statistics Publication Hub . Home: UK National Statistics Publication Hub . N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. statistics.gov.uk/hub/children-education-skills/school-and-college-education/school-and-colleges. Trendall, Chris. (1989) Stress in teaching and teacher effectiveness: a study of teachers across mainstream and special education, Educational Research, 31: 1, 52 - 58 Vickerman, P. (2007). Teaching physical education to children with special  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   educational needs. London: Routledge. Westwood, P. S. (2007). Commonsense methods for children with special educational needs (5th ed.). London: Routledge. 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Research Paper on California Indians

Research Paper on California Indians Historian Kenneth King said about California Indians: If they did not have the ability for organization shown by the Six Nation (Iroquois) in the Eastern part of the United States, they were, on the whole, child like and affectionate and willing to accept the gentle rule of the padres. The ignorance of this statement is astoundingly obvious if one looks at the indigenous people of California and the Padres of the Spanish missions without the rose-colored glasses of a romantic, euro-centric, manifest destine point of view that suggests industrial, Christian societies conquer all. The indigenous people of California were not a primal people that needed to rely on the Spanish and hence the Spanish were not invited into their lands. As Costo said, The Native Californians were by no means primitive; rather they were singularly complex hunters and gathers. (Costo, pg 10) Kings statement tries to justify the colonization, exploitation and murder of the indigenous Californians by asserting t hat the natives were too unorganized to resist or some how inviting to the padres. This assertion, in essence masks the policies of institutional reduction and practical colonization that terrorized the natives and reluctantly drove them inside the mission walls for safety, which unfortunately harbored only more exploitation. In his quote, King refers to the Seneca people, a member of the Iroquois League of Six Nations. They are one of the few tribes to survive in America, intact to this day on their ancestral land, because of their continuous warring with the Europeans. One could accurately state that they were not willing to accept the rule of others, because they fought and held their land. On the contrary, one may not just reverse this logic and hold it to the indigenous Californians. California Indians were not necessarily willing to accept the gentle rule of the padres just because they could not stop them from invading. Just as the Polish people of modern Europe were not necessarily willing to accept Hitlers Nazi led invasion of their country, to practice his similar form of gentle rule. There is no logical connection that says if the natives were conquered, than they must have had a desired to be so. In fact, much evidence will prove the contrary. The statement King made disguises the real forces that drove Indians to the missions. The indigenous people of California that were forced into the missions were driven by two main factors- reduction and colonization. The padres colonized the lands and practiced the institutionalized policy of reduction to convert the land, animals, and natives to their way of life. Both colonization and reduction are a strategy instituted to usurp control over a people, their land and their culture. The most evident form of reduction was the blatant theft of land from the natives. A priest and his soldiers would occupy the high ground in an area and drive the Indians off to other clans or into their missions. Then they would reduce the number of surrounding villages by including them into the mission system and group them together, closer to the mission. Military force backed all these operations and frequently killed the men of villages and stole the women and children for the mission system. The policy of colonization and reduction also affected the ecology of the native land. The priests would grow their own colonizer plants and graze their own colonizer animals on the newly stolen land. The introduction of European traditional agriculture reduced the amount of land the natives had to survive off of and changed the native environment to unfamiliar flora and fauna, of which the natives did not know how to survive. The Spanish brought livestock with them, such as sheep and cattle, which ate the indigenous grasses. Soon indigenous animals, such as rabbit and deer, could not find food and their populations were reduced. The natives were driven inside the mission walls because of scarce indigenous greens and small game populations. The colonizing padres also took on a plan to institutionally reduce the traditions, customs, culture, language, societal standards and freedom of the natives. Natives were baptized upon entering the mission and forever binding them to its gates. A baptized native could never leave. Many escaped and were tracked down and killed by soldiers. Once in the mission they were force to pray to Jesus. A supposed pail skinned God, which dictated a new set of rules and represented oppression. The rules consisted of restricting original language, prayer, medicine or historical reciting. The padres wanted to completely rid the savages of their heathen ways. They controlled every aspect of the natives, even their sexuality, which was limited to the missionary position. The natives minds were washed of their culture inside the missions. (Hurtado) Outside the missions the Spanish soldiers destroyed bodies of the natives through murder, rape and the spreading of disease. Diseases such as pneumonia and diphtheria spread amongst the people quickly. Their bodies had no tolerance to the foreign viruses and were hit especially hard. The spread of disease pushed the natives toward the Spaniards, looking for a cure. Many natives were taken to the missions upon their death beds, in a last resort to cure a European illness. (Lecture) A more blatant form of murder was the slaughter of men and women by the soldiers, who were managed by the padres. The barbaric padres and soldiers would destroy, relocate, rape, breed and brain wash the natives. Whether it was the spoils of victory or just boredom, rape was prevalent. Murder was expected when over taking a new village or traveling on the coast. As San Juan Batista wrote, that anytime the Spanish passed two Santa Barbara the killing of a few natives was inevitable. (Lecture)(Hurtado) The indigenous people of California were not childlike or in anyway unsophisticated. In fact they had complex social groups that existed with reciprocity for thousands of years. When King describes the natives as childlike and unorganized, he suggests that they are a lower society and the missionaries felt the same. Fray Francisco Garces said Oh, what a vast heathendom!Oh what a heathendom so docile! (Costo, pg 10) As Rupert Costo points out in The Indians Before the Invasion, The concept of agriculture was a prerequisite for the development of civilization Native people were not primitive, they has their own economic system. Money was in the form of beads. The Indian name for their money is Koy Koy. (Bean, pg 304) They had established trade routes and systems of passing on goods on to distant tribes. Just because they did not industrialize production or use European traditional agriculture didnÐ ¢t mean that resources were not organized. Once again Europeans see technology as the b ar of civilization, rather than examining the balance a society has with its surroundings and its prosperity through non-material eyes. As Kroebers maps point out, the natives in California were very organized and had structured territorial regions. Costo points out that such conditions of territorial stability were generally true throughout California (Costo, pg 15) California was one of the most diverse places in the entire world, with many languages, customs and religions. Native people managed to prosper, through respect and communication through local general counsels. Costo confirms this when he said, the society began to use tools and set up laws establishing its governing bodies. (Costco, pg 18) They generally used natural ecological borders. As Tharon Weighhill said, there was a secret language called the Sylyux language, that chosen members of a clan would speak at intertribal meetings. These meetings discussed local concerns and kept relations strong. They used reciprocity and respect to let each other live. An example of this is exhibited when Bennae Calac, a Lesuno, spoke of not interfering with George Zunigas people, the Kumia, when speaking of modern local issues. She said that she would have no business telling his people what to do. This exemplifies the balance the clans/tribes had with each other. King uses the word affectionate to describe the native, because they did not reject the Spaniards upon their first meeting. The truth is that the natives were accepting to the new comers and they did not war until after they were encroached upon. This tolerance is a sign of an advanced society. They were welcoming until there was reason not to be, just as a new neighbor is today. I believe that King is using a warped sense of societal ranking to asses that accepting a stranger or tolerance is a flaw. California natives did fight back in many violent and spiritual rebellions and the following are just summaries of a few of the most famous: In 1775, the Kumayaay resisted Spanish rule and burned their local Presidio. In order to do this, they sought out the Quchans, whom had more military knowledge on how to burn and attack the missions. The Kumayaay were successful in capturing San Luis Jayme the padre in command. They killed him in accustom to killing a man possessed with witchcraft. The shot him with arrows and crushed the head. Unlike the Spaniards, they did not slaughter the soldiers and all others that resided in the mission. They merely killed the leader in hopes that the mission would fall. Of course the Spaniards sent another priest and Jayme became a Christian martyr. By 1780, eight missions had been founded, but in no way does that indicate an accepting state of affairs by natives. In 1781, the Quechan removed the Spanish from the Colorado River bordering California. The Quechan had agreed to let the Spanish in if the Quechan were left alone, but once again reduction was practiced by the padres. Learning from the past the Quechan killed all the Spaniards and never again could the Spanish colonize South Eastern California. On Oct. 25th 1785, there was a rebellion by the Gabrielinos in San Gabriel. Local Gabrielinos attacked the mission inspired by the rape of a chiefs wife. Led by an Indian doctor, leaders Toypurina and Nick Jose were captured. In an interview the leaders said that they were upset that the Spaniards had invaded and that they were perpetrating pagan abuses on the Indian people. In 1791, at San Jose non-Christian Indians threatened baptized Indians to leave the mission or die. Spanish soldiers slaughtered the village were the threats had originated and capture the women for labor. In 1793 another movement of combined baptized and non-Christian natives attached Santa Cruz. The non Christian man who led the charge found a baptized wife. Eventually the church found her, took her an sent her to a mission in San Francisco In 1794 there was a conspiracy in San Louis Obispo. Baptized Indians told the soldiers of a plot to kill them. In the 1790s in Santa Barbara constantly attacked and there was constant rebellion. Most notably in 1801, when a woman named Chupu led a rebellion against all of the Spanish ways. ChupuÐ ¢s Rebellion was inspired by her vision and focused on conducting reverse Baptisms. She hoped that rejecting the church would free people of the diseases that had ravaged them. The rebellion was continuous because the missions were savage. The Spaniards were the people who brought the idea of rape as a spoil of war and genocide as a common practice. Before the Spanish invasion he native people were organized and balanced spiritually, ecologically, territorially and intertribal. They fought the insurgence of the missions through violent and psychological rebellions. Kings quote is grossly inaccurate and speaks to his misunderstanding of California Indian History.

Strategic Analysis of HMV The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis of HMV Introduction Strategic Analysis of HMV . All Business. (2011b). Waterstones HMV. Available at allbusiness.com. Accessed 3 July 2012. Billboard Biz. (2011). HMV recorded rise in Sales. Available at billboard.biz. Accessed 3 July 2012. Bright Club. (2010a). Benefits and Drawbacks of E-Commerce: Case Study of HMV. Available at   brighthub.com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/50145.aspx?p=2. Accessed 4 July 2012. Bright Club. (2010b). HMV Case Study: Development of Ecommerce Strategy. Available at brighthub.com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/50145.aspx?p=2. Accessed 4 July 2012. Cream Global. (2010). HMV Case Study: The Value Long Tail. Available at creamglobal.com/search/17798/18337/the-high-value-long-tail/ Accessed 4 July 2012. Design Council. (2010). Designs to Overcome a Downturn: Case Study of HMV. Available at designcouncil.org.uk/Case-studies/Designs-to-overcome-a-downturn/HMV-Group/ Accessed 3 July 2012. Experian. (2010). HMV Case Study. Available at experian.co.uk/assets/resources/case-studies/HMV_V4.pdf Accessed 4 July 2012. Guardian. (2010). HMV Waterstones Trading. Available at guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jun/30/hmv-waterstones-trading. Accessed 4 July 2012. Guardian. (2011a). HMV Group. Available at guardian.co.uk/business/. Accessed July 2012 Guardian. (2011b). HMV Curzon Artificial Eye Cinemas. Available at guardian.co.uk/business. Accessed 4 July 2012. Inside Retailing. (2010). HMV UK Music to the Eyes. Available at insideretailing.com.au/Latest/tabid/53/ID/8073/HMV-UK-Music-to-the-eyes.aspx. Accessed 3 July 2012. Konverge. (2010). HMV Case Study. Available at konverge.com/pdf/HMV_cs.pdf. Accessed 4 July 2012. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2005). Marketing Management. Prentice Hall. The Daily Swarm. (2010). Enlarging Music Retails Product Base HMV. Available at thedailyswarm.com/headlines/enlarging-music-retails-product-base-hmvs-profits-18-live-venues-ticketing-dvds-tech-fashion/ Accessed 3 July 2012. The Times 100. (2010). Case Study: HMV Building on Brand. Accessed 4 July 2012. thetimes100.co.uk/case-studybuilding-on-brand24-23-3.php Telegraph. (2010). HMV set for Fashion Roll Out as Sales Fall. Available at telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/hmv/7650267/HMV-set-for-fashion-roll-out-as-UK-sales-fall.html. Accessed 4 July 2012.

Develop an Export Strategy for an Organisation Essay - 4

Develop an Export Strategy for an Organisation - Essay Example The Board of Directors should be cognizant of the recent economic crisis that destroyed the financial platforms for many countries in EU. However, Sweden avoided financial crisis through watertight and strong economic foothold. According to OECD Economic Surveys (2013), the country GDP is expected to grow by 2.5 percent by the end 2015, which is a great mileage that any economic giant in EU could achieve. The country aims at reducing the levels of unemployment though the current rate averages at 8.5 percent. The organization targets to concentrate on manufacturing and engineering services. Schön, (2012) argues that the Swedish economy has grown over the years to become one of the advanced nations in the engineering manufacturing. The organization also aims at participating in the efforts to eliminate unemployment rates in Sweden. Will not only the export-entry strategy feature provision of employment for the locals but also match with the increasing need for services that are in tandem with advanced information communications technology. The exportation will feature a direct strategy for products in the manufacturing and engineering sector. The country has a high demand for the services and a long-standing tradition in mining, shipbuilding and IT products. The products must be in keeping with the sustainability and earth-friendly innovations and competitive in terms of price and quality (Schön, 2012). Additionally, the export strategy recognizes the international trade theories. The process of developing an export strategy for Sweden was informed by the international trading theory, which includes country similarity and product life cycle theories. Being an Asian form calls for a strategy that features expansion to the competitive global market. The strategy also acknowledges the trade flows that include customer loyalty, advanced technology, and quality. Country similarity theory is

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Law essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

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Discussing incentives to conserve marine biodiversity conservation Assignment - 1

Discussing incentives to conserve marine biodiversity conservation within the framework of impure public goods - Assignment Example e into limestone, the ability of the oceans to provide sustenance in the form of sea life to tens of millions around the globe, and the ability of these oceans to dissipate the heat that the sun emits forms an integral part of why the oceans and the marina diversity that is exhibited within them is of such extreme importance. Through such a level of understanding, the following discussion will be concentric upon defining what an impure public good is, the externalities associated with these impure public goods, the technology of public good supply, and the types of economic incentives that are created for impure public goods. Firstly, an impure public good is that which is represented to all members of society but one that dilutes the utility that an individual might otherwise gain from enjoying a completely and entirely â€Å"pure† public good. For instance, in the case of the world’s oceans and marine bio-diversity, an example of the impure public good would be the level of toxic waste that is dumped into these oceans each and every year. As this pollutes the environment and creates a hardship on the marine biodiversity that would otherwise be evidenced, the destruction to the environment decreases the utility that a person could stand to gain from this otherwise â€Å"pure† public good. The externalities to this are clear, food that is harvested from the world’s oceans then in turn is sickly and likely to diminish in overall quality; or at the worst – have high levels of toxins evidenced throughout their bodies. As a means of understanding the further nuances and dynamics of public goods, the weakest link rule denotes that the socially available amount equates to the minimum of the overall quantities that can individually be provided. By means of contrast and comparison, the â€Å"best shot† rule states that the socially available amount denotes the maximum individual quantity. Naturally, incentives, both positive and negative, can impact upon the

Landscape paintings from famous painters Term Paper

Landscape paintings from famous painters - Term Paper Example In this period, painting used more colours especially seal brown which was particularly common (Selin 25). In addition, new painting techniques emerged, art painting combined with calligraphy to produce broad scale paintings. As a result, there was the creation of new schools to accommodate students interested in the art study. The development occurred over stages from the early Ming, the mid Ming and finally the late Ming period. These stages were characterized by different symbols such as the increase and decline of schools. The early Ming period was intensively affected by Southern Song traditions; this was between the years 1368-1505. A significant breakthrough was through Chen Chun who introduced the Chinese landscape painting. The ink and paint used was best suit for durable landscape painting. The Zhe School was part of the southern school and Dai Jin was in charge, they specialized in large decorative paintings. Their contemporary paintings were different from those of the Wu School. In Ma-Xia school, there is an organized group of Chinese Landscape artists known as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan. The groups are named after famous landscape artists of the time (Ye and Zhenggang 75). The main importance of landscape artwork is to create a different feeling in the minds of their audience. It demonstrates a vast atmosphere that is void and a limitless space feeling with images of trees and mountains to represent the landscape. Xia and Ma are the leading artists who design these pictures. They use unique ways to create presentable pictures; a lot of ink is used to attain the desired angular appearance (Leffman 23). The Xia Gui (1195-1224) existed in the early Ming dynasty and was one of the works of Xia. The works of this artist were ordinary, done using ink monochrome and several colours. He was the founder of the Ma-Xia school of landscape painting. His artwork is identified by angular strokes that are sharp and short. This style depicts an age of rapid execution. T he birth and the death dates of Xia are not known, but during his life, he worked in the Imperial Academy. This is where he received the Golden Belt award as the best painter of the court. Xia was born in the capital of china at that time in the city of Hangzhou where the imperial court was located in the 12th century. It is at this place where he and his counterpart Ma- Xia concentrated on painting and emerged the best painters. He followed the steps of traditional painting by drawing the objects in his surrounding such as buildings and eventually the entire landscape. His painting of the album leaf that is fan-shaped is a stylistically artistic presentation. The album leaf is found in two museums, one in Japan, and the other in the National Museum in Tokyo. It is an exemplary illustration of the landscape paintings of Xia. In addition, he composed the famous hand scroll, which individual inscrolls to view from one end to another. It represented a journey that was imaginary journey , and uses rich ink of monochrome style. He also uses contrasts that are tonal to give the hand scroll an intensive bulk used to illustrate rocks. Xia uses the composition of Remote and Pure View that gives a picture of void and solid, far and nearby using colours of different schemes. There are many of his exceptional artworks in many museums such as the hanging scroll. His paintings have considerable significance in the political

Discussing incentives to conserve marine biodiversity conservation Assignment - 1

Discussing incentives to conserve marine biodiversity conservation within the framework of impure public goods - Assignment Example e into limestone, the ability of the oceans to provide sustenance in the form of sea life to tens of millions around the globe, and the ability of these oceans to dissipate the heat that the sun emits forms an integral part of why the oceans and the marina diversity that is exhibited within them is of such extreme importance. Through such a level of understanding, the following discussion will be concentric upon defining what an impure public good is, the externalities associated with these impure public goods, the technology of public good supply, and the types of economic incentives that are created for impure public goods. Firstly, an impure public good is that which is represented to all members of society but one that dilutes the utility that an individual might otherwise gain from enjoying a completely and entirely â€Å"pure† public good. For instance, in the case of the world’s oceans and marine bio-diversity, an example of the impure public good would be the level of toxic waste that is dumped into these oceans each and every year. As this pollutes the environment and creates a hardship on the marine biodiversity that would otherwise be evidenced, the destruction to the environment decreases the utility that a person could stand to gain from this otherwise â€Å"pure† public good. The externalities to this are clear, food that is harvested from the world’s oceans then in turn is sickly and likely to diminish in overall quality; or at the worst – have high levels of toxins evidenced throughout their bodies. As a means of understanding the further nuances and dynamics of public goods, the weakest link rule denotes that the socially available amount equates to the minimum of the overall quantities that can individually be provided. By means of contrast and comparison, the â€Å"best shot† rule states that the socially available amount denotes the maximum individual quantity. Naturally, incentives, both positive and negative, can impact upon the

Marketing Success Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Success - Research Paper Example There can be high value created by the product for target consumers in terms of quality and price. Hygiene is an important factor in any form of consumption which will be maintained in the bottled water products. On the other hand, it will be affordable for all income groups and will eliminate the risk associated with consuming normal water. Value creation will also be done by not creating any negative impact on the environment. Marketing mix comprises of four important elements such as product, price, promotion, and place. The product majorly represents mineral water which will be passed through various stages so as to ensure its level of quality. The packaging of the product will be dependent on prices as there will be bigger sized bottles, medium sized bottles, and small sized bottles. Prices of the product will vary from $3 to $6. Low prices will be a unique selling proposition for the bottled water. The product will be manufactured in factories which will be then stored in nearby warehouses. There will be third-party logistic systems utilized to transport bottled water products to respective retailers. These retailers will then promote the bottled water products in their stores so that it can reach the end users. The promotion will be done through traditional media such as TV, newspapers, radio, etc. Along with that social media will also be used to promote the product so that message of â€Å"pure wat er† can be communicated across the large base of customers. Each of these elements will contribute towards product success as they all highlight the quality assurance of product along with its low prices. The packaging waste is a major area of concern for these bottled water products. It can be stated that this can have a major impact on product sales. This is because if environmental impact keeps on increasing then less number of products will be manufactured due to restrictions.  

The Value of HRM to Business Organisations Essay Example for Free

The Value of HRM to Business Organisations Essay This essay will evaluate the literature available on the value of the selection method of personality tests to business organisations. These tests measure individual’s responses to what are usually fixed choice questions to uncover characteristics that have important implications for their job performance (Beardwell and Claydon, 2007). Personality tests were first reviewed in a personnel selection context in 1965 (Guion and Gottier, 1965) but it is only recently that they have become popular with around 30% of companies using them (Heller, 2005), particularly for candidates applying for managerial and graduate jobs within the top companies in the UK (Faulder, 2005; Newell, 2005: 133). However, despite their popularity there is still continuing controversy in debates surrounding this selection method. These debates will be explored alongside identifying relevant concepts such as the validity and reliability of personality tests which have implications for their value to business organisations. Although there are many debates surrounding personality tests they can be broadly grouped into four main areas (Taylor, 2005). The first of these debates concerns whether and to what extent it is actually possible to measure an individual’s personality. The uptake of personality tests highlights that there is now a level of agreement that personality is measurable, but there is a need therefore to adopt similar systems of personality descriptions if findings are to be compared (Newell, 2005: 134). The five factor model also referred to as the â€Å"Big Five† is close to achieving this as it becomes more readily accepted as the model of choice when constructing personality tests (Robertson, 2001). This model breaks personality into five important traits of open to experience, agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness and extraversion (Rothstein and Goffin, 2006) with the latter two being considered the most valid predictors of job performance (Barrick and Mount, 1993), however it is important to note it is not without its critics (Murphy and Dzieweczynski, 2005). Furthermore, when using personality tests in selection an individual’s willingness to be honest when answering questions needs to be considered and will be explored in more detail later (Torrington, 2005). Secondly, there is much discussion about whether personality is context dependent (Torrington, 2005: 152) or whether it remains consistent over time (Barrick and Mount, 1993). This has significant ramifications for the value of personality tests in selection methods and specifically the reliability of research to establish its predictive value. There would be ultimately no value to a business organisation spending resources to measure a characteristic which is fluid as it would only serve to identify an individual’s personality at one point in time. This issue also feeds into the notion of faking personality tests and social desirability which has been the subject to much research into reliability (Furnham, 1986). It has been argued that such limitations in selection can be overcome by implementing detection measures into tests which can expose when a candidate is trying to fake their responses (Dalen et al, 2001). Another debate which is central to the use of personality tests as a selection method is whether personality characteristics can really be matched as necessary for a specific job. As some jobs will pose more constraints on an individual than others and therefore limit their ability to express their personality (Barrick and Mount, 1993). This perhaps explains why the increased uptake in personality tests has been specific to certain types of work where this matching is possible (Taylor, 2005) and therefore that in a large amount of recruitment the use of personality tests would be undesirable and pose little value to the business organisation. The final debate which has implications for the value of personality tests is whether the method, i. e. the completion of a fixed questionnaire, provides a suitable depth of information about the candidate’s personality to make decisions about their suitability for the job they are applying for (Taylor, 2005). Iles and Salaman (1995) have argued that these measures are stronger predictors than had previously been thought but there have been many limitations of studies demonstrating its predictive value. Armstrong (2006) points to the need to have tests which are sensitive, standardised, reliable and valid in order for them to be considered effective. It has also been suggested that instead personality tests should be used as part of a two way process whereby results are discussed during interviews to consider how an individual would deal with certain situations (Newell, 2005). This would perhaps help manage the limitation that individuals feel pressurised into giving a ‘right’ answer and therefore fake their responses to a personality test. Throughout these debates there is the reoccurring theme of the need for reliability and validity in personality tests, as with any other selection method a business organisation may adopt. Here it is important that the method is consistent in its measures both throughout the personality test itself and should the personality test be applied to individuals over time. Furthermore, the predictive value will be heavily affected if no clear relationship is established between the tests results and job performance (Newell, 2005). In conclusion, from the literature review it is evident that there is still little clarity or agreement about the validity and reliability of personality tests as a selection method. What is certain, however, is that it is necessary to carefully match certain personality characteristics against aspects of performance on the job for personality tests to have predictive value. Building on this literature review, this essay will now focus on and describe the research findings of two relevant papers.

The Relationship Between Cinema And Literature Film Studies Essay

The Relationship Between Cinema And Literature Film Studies Essay Introduction: CINEMA and LITERATURE are connected /related to each other but still they are different in their own ways.It has always been one of the most fascinating forms of knowledge which has made great impact on human psyche. From the early magical experiments till the recent release of Ron Howards Angels Demons the relationship between cinema and literature has always been closely intertwined. It has proved on the whole a successful symbiosis, a relationship that remains to this day as inextricable as it is fruitful. Some half century ago, even one French film critic proposed the question as to whether the cinema was capable of surviving without the twin crutches of literature and theatre and the answer was no. Cinema is a nascent art, and as such, it has sought in its most vulnerable years succour from the previous generations of theatre and literature. This Borgesian library traversing ages, cultures and continents, written in a thousand languages, incorporating multitudinous philosophies and wildly incompatible theologies is the rich and fertile soil in which cinema has firmly planted its roots and has ever since flourished because it has recourse to the literature of millennia. Cinema has been a thousand years in the making. The literature of antiquity has provided endless inspiration for cinematic epics likeThe Bible has spawned such films as The King of Kings (1961), David Bathsheba (1951), The Robe (1953), Samson Delilah (1949), and The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) there are countless others. The story of the prophet Moses was most memorably filmed by Cecil B. DeMille as The Ten Commandments (1956), a film that was an amalgam of several novels that were themselves based on the written word of the Hebrew Prophet himself Hindi cinema portrays women in more risquà © clothing, but that doesnt signify progress.   If anything, in their visual and story portrayal of women, most movies seem to be taking India backwards. The British may have left India long ago, but the obsession with fairness and the idolization of foreigners hasnt lessened.   There are an overwhelming number of non-Indian women in dance numbers and landing roles, as in the case of the Brazilian actress in Love Aaj Kal.   Even most of the stars who make it are increasingly the Western ideal: fair and blue-eyed or the ramp model  no Sridevis or Madhuri Dixits to be found. Movie stars represent idealized visions of female beauty, which does change through generations.  Secondly, movie plots are riddled with the outdated virgin or vamp characters.   The vamp is overtly sexual, as if that alone shows strength.   But, if sexuality is to be empowering, it has to be owned, not just the fantasy of men in an item number.   Though stories may demand certain types of characters sometimes, most of the time in Bollywood, the modern, and often bad, woman becomes the one in less clothes and the good woman is the sacrificing, loyal one, even if it means being humiliated.   Even in comparison to decades ago, the handling of wives and affairs is offensively regressive in movies, like No Entry and Biwi No. 1. There were more powerful female characters 30 years ago as in Sharda. Movies like Salaam Namaste may feature strong women but the story unmarried couple deciding to have a baby is so far removed from average Indian society that they might as well be fantasies.   Women fare better in the indie cinema scene, like Dor or Fashion. Since the inception of cinema, literature has attracted all creative filmmakers. In India, pioneers like Pramathesh Barua and Debaki Basu have based their films on the works of writers such as Sarat Chaterjee,. Satyajit Rays film Pather Panchali, which first brought Indian cinema international acclaim, was based on the great work of literature, by famed writer Bhibuti Bhusan Bandopadhyay. Eminent directors across the world are still making films based on the works of Shakespeare, Dickens and Hemingway. This proves, beyond doubt, the irresistible charm literature holds for filmmakers! PROPOSED CHAPTERIZATION- First chapter: How cinema and literature are related It is said that if youre going to see a movie based on a book you think is worth reading, read the book first, you can never read the book with the same imaginative responsiveness to the author once you have seen the movie. Cinema is also used in a response to poetry. The tapes and films were chosen out of the American experimental tradition to exemplify various techniques of marrying the two arts. Poetry as the art of utterance and cinema the art of showing, both whole on their own, dont easily make a good couple. But these film and video makers have taken up the challenge anyway by responding to the spirit and the letter of the poet, creating an original cinematic writing. Cinema and language meet head on, not unified as in conventional film, but remaining distinct and dancing, stepping on toes, wooing each other with the charms of mouth and eye and mind. Youll see images own syntax shuffled, blended, chafing and dovetailing with language; youll hear and read poets work while seeing and hearing filmmakers. The advent of cinema in the early 1900s rapidly led to a link between film and literature, the confluence of both medium becoming especially significant during the early 1930s, and a period that is often referred to as the classic cinematic period. Although the relationship between film and fiction has been largely beneficial, often resulting in increased recognition for novels that were previously unpopular, critical study of the convergence has frequently focused on the drawbacks of this adaptive and interpretive partnering. In recent years, the tie-in between literature and cinema has seen an intense and sustained revival, but discussion continues among critics and reviewers regarding the credibility of film adaptations from texts of fiction. Studying the relationship between film and fiction, critics have noted the value and limitation of each medium. A major point of discussion among scholars is the ability of the written word to convey multiple layers of meaning and consciousness, in contrast to the usually linear progression of events portrayed in film. In fact, some theorize that because of the sheer depth and intensity of novel-length narratives, the novella or short story is more often the right length for adaptation to feature film. Although controversy surrounds the adaptive methods employed by the screenwriters for both texts, there is consensus about the success of both the text and film versions of these works. The second chapter: Cenimatic Adaptations- In this chapter ,try to project some of the best adaptations of literary works that have ever happened.In India, whose Hindi language film industry is nicknamed as Bollywood. Which routinely picks up movies and novels from around the world and copies them without credit and usually end up mangling them. But, sometimes, just sometimes, they get it and end up doing adaptations that are better than the originals they are based on. I do not know why. Basically, Hollywood almost always ruins literary adaptations. There is probably something in the methods of Bollywood that suits these works. Some of the best known works in Bollywood are- No.1 is PINJAR, title means Skeleton and this movie was based on Amrita Pritams novel who is also an anti-socialist.. NO.2 OMKARA is Vishal Bharadwajs take on Othello is set in rural UP, where gun-toting gangsters fight with each other for turf control. Bharadwajs adaptation is very close to the original, differing only in little plot details.. NO.3 SURAJ KA SATWAN GHODAN which means the seventh horse of the sun,is another interesting film NO.4 UTSAV is Girish Kannads movie is based on an ancient Sanskrit play called Mricchakatika. But, Kannad fills his movie with so many extras and have them debate theory of aesthetics that this movie becomes a succesful example of making your adaptation say what the original never said The third chapter: ADAPTATIONS of- 1)Pinjar film based on a Punjabi novel by the same name, written by Amrita Pritam is a story of Puro, a young woman of Hindu background, finding herself living a lovely life in a period circling the time of the Partition of 1947 with her family. All is well for Puro,the main protagnst who finds herself betrothed to a wealthy, sweet young man, from a promising family akin to her own background. Her family lives in Amritsar but journeys to their ancestral village of Chattovani to search for prospective grooms. They finally engage Puro to Ramchand from Rattoval, near her ancestral village. Although her life seems to be well-charted, Puros bliss is shattered one day as a leisurely trip in the fields beyond her home with Raj her younger sister turns traumatic as she is kidnapped by a mysterious Muslim man, who turns out to be Rashid. 2)Omkara Omkara Shukla is a baahubali, a sort of political enforcer, leader of a gang which carries out political crimes for the local politici with Langda Tyagi and the movie starts with Langra trying to and stop Omkara from abducting the bride where on the other hand,Dollys father an advocate, mostly referred in the movie as vakeel saab (lawyer sir), is furious and confronts Omi.He puts gun on omkaras head so,to bring a final solution to this issue, Dolly is made to appear in front of her father and clarify that she eloped with Omi rather than being abducted forcefully. She also tells the events of how she fell in love with Omkara. The father leaves feeling betrayed and ashamed. Later in the story when Langda is disappointed with Omkaras poor judgment and jealous of Kesu, his younger, less-experienced, superior; hatches a plot to avenge both his offenders.He On one hand, playing the role of a concerned friend Langda convinces Kesu to appeal to Dolly, Omis lover and bride-to-be to m ollify Omi. On the other he starts to disrepute Dolly by implicating Kesus visits to ask Dolly for her help as meetings in an illicit love affair between the two. During the climax, on the night of their wedding, Omi is convinced that Dolly and Kesu have been having an affair behind his back. In utter rage, he smothers his new wife to death. Langda shoots Kesu with a silent approval from Omi. Kesu is hit with a bullet on his arm. Hearing gunshots and in shock, Indu enters the room where Omi is sitting next to Dollys corpse in remorse. Indu notices the kamarbandh and mentions stealing it, they both understand the fatal misunderstanding and Langda as its root cause. Both the movies are adaptations of the novels .One of them written by an Indian writter and the other by a Britisher.They have their own styles of writing and the way they presented it.But there is one common point on which both the adaptations are similar and that is The role of a women ,it seems that it is a male dominating society and both the adaptations portray it clearly.So the next chapter would be dealing with this only. The fourth chapter: FEMALES SUBJUGATED BY MALES- The portrayal of women in Indian cinema is the biggest clichÃŽÂ ¹ that the discourse on gender has to address. But the more specific aspect of this clichÃŽÂ ¹ i.e. the representation of the female body and the time and space that accommodate it is worth elaboration. Society was very patriarchal during earlier times; men were in control of all monetary assets. When a man died, his money was actually passed on to the closest living male heir and the women were left penniless. While men and women were allowed to choose their own partners, money/wealth/status was very important and often marriages were made on those grounds alone. Both the plots deal with a very different story line but it shows the condition of a women. In pinjar the very first line says Tu janam mein hi mar gayee hoti. Marriage is the only possible course for the heroines life, and the main proagnist does not seem to expect anything more. We even get a hint of the heroiens abduction and the resulting doubts about her sexual purity when her would be husband sings a song about the agnipariksha (trial by fire) that proves Sitas chastity after her abduction by Ravan. In omkara women is used as a commodity,not given any importance.The girl who is ready to leave everything for Omkaras sake is in the end killed by him only.She is treated badly by her husband as she is no more trusted by her husband. This shows that women are only sacrificing and are always at the receiving end.They are always dominated by males starting from the age of Chaucer till 21st centuary.

Dukes of T-Town :: essays research papers

Dukes of T-Town   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yo, Balls, that sheriff is following you pretty close, how drunk are you?† Chris asked me just before I looked in my rearview mirror to see if anyone was following us. I saw that a sheriff was about two city blocks behind us. Looking at my speedometer to check my speed and sure enough, I was speeding. We were going 51 in a 45 so I slowed down to give him one less reason to pull us over. All we wanted to do was get home safely without any tickets for a DUI or minor having Consumed (MHC), and my turn was just up ahead. When I got in the turning lane, I saw the sheriff take a quick turn behind me on a road that would lead to county road 116 that goes straight to the county 127 which I was turning on. So with some quick thinking we turned onto county 127 and then took an immediate right that led to another dirt road that couldn’t be seen by the sheriff.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’m gonna ditch this fucking pig,† I said, as I turned off the lights in the Subaru that I had borrowed from my blind grandma. I was now trying to drive â€Å"blind† on a dirt road, and to make matters worse I was going about 65 mph. We hit big potholes; the shoulder, along with most of the road, was washboard. The road was hard enough to drive on straight while sober, let alone drunk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Holy shit this is fun as hell! Hey, Balls, that was one bad-ass party don’ cha’ think?† I hear Brionne yell as I slam on my breaks to shop behind a tree on a bend in the road so that we were not visible from any road. The three of us watched with our breath held as the sheriff shined his spotlight all around, but it never made it to us. We were too far away and hidden much too well. Then he hit his other spotlights on top of his truck and they made it to about 50 yards out in front of us, but still he can’t see us. During all this time, we could hear the fleas jumping off Chris’ nuts. Not a word was spoken, even when the lights went off and the truck pulled away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Still we were silent and still careful not to make any quick movements; half from fear of the sheriff and half from the fear of rolling into the narrow dry ditch that the car was now teetering on.